Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo: Report 2011

More documents

Recommendations

Info

are extracted and any finds (bone, pottery, flint and other such archaeological material) are also sorted from the retent. All material retrieved from residue-sorting was recorded. Charcoal identification Each piece of charcoal was examined and orientated first under low magnification (10x-40x). They were then broken to reveal their transverse, tangential and longitudinal surfaces. Pieces were mounted in plasticine, and examined under a metallurgical microscope with dark ground light and magnifications generally of 20x and 40x. Wood identification Each wood piece was identified by a first selection under a binocular microscope at a magnification of 10x-40x. This was used to discern features such as ring growth or insect channels. Samples one cell thick was taken with a razor blade from the transverse, radial and tangential planes of the wood. Analysis of thin sections was completed under a transmitted light microscope, at magnifications of 10x, 20x and 40x. Each taxon or species will have anatomical characteristics that are particular to them, and these are identified by comparing their relevant characteristics to keys (Schweingruber 1978; Hather 2000 and Wheeler et al 1989) and a reference collection supplied by the National Botanical Gardens of Ireland, Glasnevin. Details of charcoal recording The general age group of each taxa per sample was recorded, and the growth rates were classified as slow, medium, fast or mixed. Any ring widths were measured using electronic calipers. The ring curvature of the pieces was also noted – for example weakly curved annual rings suggest the use of trunks or larger branches, while strongly curved annual rings indicate the burning of smaller branches or trees (Figure. 1). Tyloses in vessels in species such as oak can denote the presence of heartwood. These occur when adjacent parenchyma cells penetrate the vessel walls (via the pitting) effectively blocking the vessels (Gale 2003, 37). Insect infestation is usually denoted by round holes, and is considered to be caused by burrowing insects. Their presence normally suggests the use of decayed degraded wood, which may have been gathered from the woodland floor or may have been stockpiled. Short lived twigs with strongly curved annual rings were selected for radiocarbon dating. Figure. 1 Ring curvature. Weakly curved rings indicate the use of trunks or large branches. (Marguerie and Hunot 2007, p.1421). 22
Results Overall charcoal 83 samples from five sites were fully analysed. 4196 charcoal fragments were identified, including thirteen wood taxa. The main trees present are birch (Betula sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), hazel (Corylus avellana) and alder (Alnus sp.). Other wood taxa include ash (Fraxinus sp.), ivy (Hedera helix), holly (Ilex aquifolium), pomaceous fruitwood (Maloideae), pine (Pinus sp.), willow (Salix sp.) yew (Taxus baccata), elm (Ulmus sp.) and alder/hazel (Alnus/Corylus) (Figure 2, Table 1). Oak and willow were also identified from waterlogged wood samples from Belderg Beg. Pinus 0.1% Maloideae 1.6% Ilex 2.7% Quercus 23.7% Hedera 0.1% Corylus/Alnus 0.0% Salix Taxus 0.0% Ulmus 0.1% 7.4% Alnus Alnus 15.5% Betula Corylus 22.7% Fraxinus 0.3% Betula 25.8% Corylus Corylus/Alnus Fraxinus Hedera Ilex Maloideae Pinus Quercus Salix Taxus Ulmus Figure 2 Total charcoal results from the five sites: N=4196 fragments Alnus 650 Betula 1082 Corylus 954 Corylus/Alnus 1 Fraxinus 13 Hedera 3 Ilex 114 23
Page 1 and 2: Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Introduction ....
Page 5 and 6: Scientific Research associated with
Page 7 and 8: Introduction This report reviews th
Page 9 and 10: - A summary of the radiocarbon dati
Page 11 and 12: Creating Digital Archaeological Lan
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2: Data Model for NBNM GIS R
Page 15 and 16: Figure 4: example of outputs at Cé
Page 17 and 18: Rathlackan As a result of a lack of
Page 19 and 20: Radiocarbon Dating A further tranch
Page 21 and 22: RATHLACKAN Lab Number F no S. No Co
Page 23 and 24: GLENULRA ENCLOSURE Notes Cal BC (95
Page 25 and 26: Lab Code Cutting Sample Material AR
Page 27: Charcoal analysis from Neolithic an
Page 31 and 32: Glenulra Scatter 92E140 Middle Neol
Page 33 and 34: Oak and birch were recorded from Cu
Page 35 and 36: 35 30 no of samples 25 20 15 10 5 0
Page 37 and 38: Area A A long length of Neolithic f
Page 39 and 40: piece was 17 years old when cut, ba
Page 41 and 42: elating to midden B2P and from five
Page 43 and 44: 1% 6% Corylus 1% 14% 25% 0% 2% 4% 4
Page 45 and 46: posts burnt in situ. Rather the pos
Page 47 and 48: When the charcoal is examined throu
Page 49 and 50: at Glenulra scatter. Alder was iden
Page 51 and 52: een freely available in the area. T
Page 53 and 54: References Byrne, G., Warren, G., W
Page 55 and 56: Verrill, L. and Tipping, R. 2010. U
Page 57 and 58: Table 3 Charcoal identifications fr
Page 59 and 60: Sample Date Ctg Context Description
Page 61 and 62: Sample Date Ctg Context Description
Page 63 and 64: Sample Trench Time period Descripti
Page 79 and 80:
Table 7 Wood identification details
Page 81 and 82:
Table 8 Charcoal identifications fr
Page 83 and 84:
Cutting Sample Date Feature Descrip
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Table 8 Sample assessment Rathlacka
Page 91 and 92:
Phase F. S. Trench Deposit type Loc
Page 93 and 94:
Behy-Glenulra: Céide Fields visito
Page 95 and 96:
A possible midden (B2P) contained a
Page 97 and 98:
Wild remains Hazelnut shell fragmen
Page 99 and 100:
References Beijerinck, W. 1947. Zad
Page 101 and 102:
Verrill, L. and Tipping, R. 2010. A
Page 103 and 104:
Soils and Geology Graeme Warren Thi
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 3: overview of geological fe
Page 107 and 108:
distinctive deposits and landscape
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 4: major landuse categories.
Page 111 and 112:
References ?? Soil Map of West Mayo
Page 113 and 114:
The first scientific paper on late
Page 115 and 116:
Also in the summer of 1963, fifty k
Page 117 and 118:
the earth for the bank coming from
Page 119 and 120:
dates from the macrofossil remains
Page 121 and 122:
New Research and Researchers Over t
Page 123 and 124:
Probed Surveys: Erris, Céide Field
Page 125 and 126:
Iron probes of varying lengths had
Page 127 and 128:
Céide hill twenty five years earli
Page 129 and 130:
Survey on the Glenamoy - Bartnatra
Page 131 and 132:
Bungurra River drains the Knocknalo
Page 133 and 134:
The elevation of the tombs, all sit
Page 135 and 136:
In 1936, 2 sub-rectangular cists, C
Page 137 and 138:
Dooncarton Southwest slope 3.15 km
Page 139 and 140:
The cross-section area occupied by
Page 141 and 142:
No upper boundary was located on Kn
Page 143 and 144:
The third house site, H3, on Gortme
Page 145 and 146:
The 2 court tombs, Ma38 and Ma23, l
Page 147 and 148:
This void is substantiated by exami
Page 149 and 150:
Survey from Ballinglen to Rathfran
Page 151 and 152:
Lissadrone basin. The peat cover is
Page 153 and 154:
Two similar large round cairns are
Page 155 and 156:
Wall Gaps Because of concealment an
Page 157 and 158:
supported by an orthostat visible u
Page 159 and 160:
and with different building techniq
Page 161 and 162:
Survey Illustrations: Figure 1: Ove
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 4: Seefin walls with associa
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 7: Walls from the study area
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 8: Cabintown Site A. 161
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 11: Rathlackan sites H12 Fig
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 15: Creevagh H5, Figure 16:
Page 173:
Figure 19: Carrowkibbock Upper H20.
show all

Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo: Report 2011

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?