Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo: Report 2011

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During the later Neolithic period the bog surface became considerably wetter (c. 4970 cal BP) (Verrill and Tipping 2010, 1017). While charcoal data for most likely wetland downy birch increases steadily through the Neolithic period, an increase in wetland alder is not noted in the charcoal identifications until the Early Bronze Age, where it remains an important part of the charcoal assemblage. Towards the end of the Neolithic, pollen data indicates that the bog basin became quite dry, with an expansion of pine (4767-4707 cal. BP.) (O’Connell and Molloy 2001, 108). This is not reflected in the charcoal identifications, only one fragment of pine were identified from one sample dating to the Neolithic. By the Early Bronze Age, birch, alder, oak and to a lesser extent hazel are the most important woodland taxa in the charcoal record. Hazel becomes considerably more important during the Middle Bronze Age, possibly indicating a further opening out of the landscape. Summary Charcoal was fully identified from 83 samples from the Céide field complex in Mayo. Thirteen wood taxa were identified. A low number of waterlogged structural wood samples were also identified. The results are dominated by birch, oak, hazel and alder. This mixture of canopy and light demanding trees indicate that the woodlands which most likely fringed the cleared fields were not closed canopy in nature. Furthermore, the wood taxa identified indicate different types of woodland were being exploited, including wetland, scrub and taller canopy woodlands. This site (coupled with Belderrig 04E0893) is unique in that it provides a well dated sequence of charcoal samples dating from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age in Mayo. Acknowledgements: Thanks to Dr. Graeme Warren, Prof. Seamas Caulfield, Gretta Byrne and Noel Dunne for assistance on this project. Thanks to Dr. Ingelise Stuijts for confirming some of the charcoal identifications from the sites. 46
References Byrne, G., Warren, G., Walsh, P., Mc Ilreavy, D. and Rathbone, S., 2009a. Archaeological excavations at ‘Glenulra Scatter’ (92E140) Stratigraphic report. Unpublished report for the Heritage Council. Byrne, G., Dunne, N., Caulfield, S., Warren, G., Walsh, P., Mc Ilreavy, D. and Rathbone, S., 2009b. Archaeological excavations in association with the Céide Visitor Centre (E494) Stratigraphic report. Unpublished report for the Heritage Council. Byrne, G., Warren, G., Rathbone, S, Mc Ilreavy, D. and Walsh, P., 2009c. Archaeological excavations at Rathlacken (E580) Stratigraphic report. Unpublished report for the Heritage Council. Caulfield, S. 1998. Proceedings of the 16th International 14C Conference, edited by W. G. Mook and J. van der Plicht Radiocarbon, Vol. 40, No. 2, P. 629-640 Caulfield, S., Warren, G., Rathbone, S., Mc Ilreavy, D., and Walsh, P. 2009a. Archaeological excavations at the Glenulra enclosure (E24) Stratigraphic report. Unpublished report for the Heritage Council. Caulfield, S., Downes, M., Dunne, N., Warren, G., Rathbone, S., Mc Ilreavy, D and Walsh, P. 2009b. Archaeological excavations at Belderg Beg (E109) Stratigraphic report. Unpublished report for the Heritage Council. Gale, R. 2003. Wood based industrial fuels and their environmental impact in lowland Britain. In P. Murphy and P.E.J. Wiltshire (eds) The Environmental Archaeology of Industry. Oxbow books: Oxford 30-47. Gale, R., & Cutler, D., 2000. Plants in Archaeology. Identification of vegetative plant materials used in Europe and the southern Mediterranean to c. 1500. West Yorkshire: Westbury Publishing. Hather, J.G., 2000. The Identification of the Northern European Woods. A guide for archaeologists and conservators. London: Archetype Publications Ltd. Hickie, D., 2002. Native trees and forests of Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan Ltd Lipscombe, M. and Stokes, J. 2008. Trees and how to grow them. London: Think books. 47
Page 1 and 2: Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Introduction ....
Page 5 and 6: Scientific Research associated with
Page 7 and 8: Introduction This report reviews th
Page 9 and 10: - A summary of the radiocarbon dati
Page 11 and 12: Creating Digital Archaeological Lan
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2: Data Model for NBNM GIS R
Page 15 and 16: Figure 4: example of outputs at Cé
Page 17 and 18: Rathlackan As a result of a lack of
Page 19 and 20: Radiocarbon Dating A further tranch
Page 21 and 22: RATHLACKAN Lab Number F no S. No Co
Page 23 and 24: GLENULRA ENCLOSURE Notes Cal BC (95
Page 25 and 26: Lab Code Cutting Sample Material AR
Page 27 and 28: Charcoal analysis from Neolithic an
Page 29 and 30: Results Overall charcoal 83 samples
Page 31 and 32: Glenulra Scatter 92E140 Middle Neol
Page 33 and 34: Oak and birch were recorded from Cu
Page 35 and 36: 35 30 no of samples 25 20 15 10 5 0
Page 37 and 38: Area A A long length of Neolithic f
Page 39 and 40: piece was 17 years old when cut, ba
Page 41 and 42: elating to midden B2P and from five
Page 43 and 44: 1% 6% Corylus 1% 14% 25% 0% 2% 4% 4
Page 45 and 46: posts burnt in situ. Rather the pos
Page 47 and 48: When the charcoal is examined throu
Page 49 and 50: at Glenulra scatter. Alder was iden
Page 51: een freely available in the area. T
Page 55 and 56: Verrill, L. and Tipping, R. 2010. U
Page 57 and 58: Table 3 Charcoal identifications fr
Page 59 and 60: Sample Date Ctg Context Description
Page 61 and 62: Sample Date Ctg Context Description
Page 63 and 64: Sample Trench Time period Descripti
Page 79 and 80: Table 7 Wood identification details
Page 81 and 82: Table 8 Charcoal identifications fr
Page 83 and 84: Cutting Sample Date Feature Descrip
Page 89 and 90: Table 8 Sample assessment Rathlacka
Page 91 and 92: Phase F. S. Trench Deposit type Loc
Page 93 and 94: Behy-Glenulra: Céide Fields visito
Page 95 and 96: A possible midden (B2P) contained a
Page 97 and 98: Wild remains Hazelnut shell fragmen
Page 99 and 100: References Beijerinck, W. 1947. Zad
Page 101 and 102: Verrill, L. and Tipping, R. 2010. A
Page 103 and 104:
Soils and Geology Graeme Warren Thi
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 3: overview of geological fe
Page 107 and 108:
distinctive deposits and landscape
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 4: major landuse categories.
Page 111 and 112:
References ?? Soil Map of West Mayo
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The first scientific paper on late
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Also in the summer of 1963, fifty k
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the earth for the bank coming from
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dates from the macrofossil remains
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New Research and Researchers Over t
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Probed Surveys: Erris, Céide Field
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Iron probes of varying lengths had
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Céide hill twenty five years earli
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Survey on the Glenamoy - Bartnatra
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Bungurra River drains the Knocknalo
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The elevation of the tombs, all sit
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In 1936, 2 sub-rectangular cists, C
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Dooncarton Southwest slope 3.15 km
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The cross-section area occupied by
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No upper boundary was located on Kn
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The third house site, H3, on Gortme
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The 2 court tombs, Ma38 and Ma23, l
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This void is substantiated by exami
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Survey from Ballinglen to Rathfran
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Lissadrone basin. The peat cover is
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Two similar large round cairns are
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Wall Gaps Because of concealment an
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supported by an orthostat visible u
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and with different building techniq
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Survey Illustrations: Figure 1: Ove
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Figure 4: Seefin walls with associa
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Figure 7: Walls from the study area
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Figure 8: Cabintown Site A. 161
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Figure 11: Rathlackan sites H12 Fig
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Figure 15: Creevagh H5, Figure 16:
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Figure 19: Carrowkibbock Upper H20.
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Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo: Report 2011

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