biostratigraphy and paleoecology of cretaceous/tertiary boundary in ...

Chapter one
Introduction
Abdel-Kireem(1986 a) studied the formation within stratigraphy of Upper
Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary of Sulaimaniya- Dokan Region, and suggested
to remove the word "clastic" from the name of the formation and to add its
lower part within the Shiranish Formation. Abdel-Kireem (1986b) studied
planktonic forams and stratigraphy of Tanjero Formations, and subdivided the
formation into three units according to the microfacies and lithofacies.
Jaza (1992), recognized the turbidite and submarine fan (as depositional
feature of the basin) during the sedimentary facies analysis of the formation in
selected sections from Sulaimaniya district , and divided the rock body of the
formation into sixteen lithofacies and suggested further detailed study of the
formation to reconstruct depositional model for the whole basin and its relation
to tectonics. Minas (1997), studied sequence stratigraphy of the formation and
laid Tanjero Formation in deeper environment than Shiranish Formation. Al-
Rawi and Al-Rawi (2002), studied the formation as turbidite example of flysch
type in a northeast and north of Iraq, and concluded that the formation
deposited in deeper environment, except the limestone beds, which are
deposited in shallower condition.
Karim (2004 and 2006); Karim and Surdashy (2005a, 2005b, and 2006)
studied in detail the basin analysis, paleocurrent, tectonic history and
sequence stratigraphy of Tanjero Formation. They indicated an unconformity
at the lower part of Tanjero Formation which was represented by about 500m
of boulder and gravel conglomerate, and found about four main incised valleys
in the Sulaimani area during Maastrichtian. They mentioned that this
conglomerate is deposited during sea level fall (lowstand system tract)
1.4.2- Lower Tertiary Formations
The lower Tertiary Formations are the most widespread and well known
lithologic units in both surface and subsurface sections throughout almost all
structural units of Iraq Figure 1.5 However, the Tertiary sediments have a
small areal distribution in the High Folded, Imbricated, and Northern Thrust
Zones Units. (Buday 1980)
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