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Chapter Three Biostratigraphy age estimation of this biozone indicates Early Maastrichtian age. Li and Keller (1998a), recorded the time span of this biozone from 72.48Ma to 70.39 Ma estimated by absolute ages based on magnetochron ages. Premoli Silva et al., (1998), in their study of bio-isotope stratigraphy on eastern Mediterranean, and Maestas et al., (2003), recorded the Globotruncana aegyptiaca Zone from the Upper Campanian age. The Geologic Time Scale (GTS2004) by Gradstein et al., (2004), (Fig.3.12), accompanying International Stratigraphic Chart, issued under auspices of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), shows the current chronostratigraphic scale and ages with estimation of uncertainty for all stage boundaries, placed this span of time 72.48Ma to 70.39 Ma under the upper limit of Campanian. The chronostratigrapic duration age was estimated based on different techniques and methods to construct a GTS (2004) placed the Maastrichtian stage between time intervals of (70.6 - + 0.6 Ma) at the base, and to (65.5 + - 0.3 Ma) at the top. 3.2.1.2- Gansserina gansseri Interval Zone (CF7) The Gansserina gansseri (CF7) zone was introduced by Bronnimann (1952), as Globotruncana gansseri Zone for the first time and placed into the Early Maastrichtian of Trinidad in (Samir, 2002). In the studied section, this Biozone is defined by the interval between the FAD of nominate species Gansserina gansseri (Bolli) and the FAD of Contusotruncana contusa (Cushman), (plate. 2, Figs. 1-3) at Gali section (Smaquli area), lower part of reddish to pale brown succession. This zone covered abundant occurrence of the nominate species for (20m.). Most of the workers in the zonal scheme placed Gansserina gansseri zone informally at the middle- lower Maastrichtian (Li and Keller, 1998a), and (Abramovich et al., 2002) in DSDP Site 525A. (Fars, 1984), (Abdel-Kareem & Samir, 1995), (Luning et al., 1998), (Elnady and Shahin, 2001), and (Samir, 2002), Egypt. (Kassab 1974, 1975c, 1975d & 1976b), (Abawi et al., 1982) (Abdel-Kareem, 1986a, b), (Kassab et al., 1986), (Al-Mutwali, 1996), (Al-Mutwali and Al-Jubouri, 2005), and (Sharbazheri 2007), Iraq. (Chacon and Martin- Chivelet, 2005), Spain. (Premoli Silva et al., 1998), Italy. (Changkham and Jafar, 1998), India. While (Khalil and Mashally, 2004), in Egypt, and Caron (1985), in 52
Chapter Three Biostratigraphy general this zone has been recorded from Middle Maastrichtian. Obaidalla (2005), Egypt, placed this zone on the base of Late Maastrichtian. Maestas et al., (2003), from California Mexico placed this Zone at upper Campanian- Lower Maastrichtian. Note: it is worthy to pay attention to the first appearance of A. mayaroensis which occurs 25m. above the first appearance of G. gansseri, therefore the A. mayaroensis not used as a zonal marker because of many studies have shown that both (FA) and (LA) of this species are diachronous. In addition, this taxon is rarely present in continental shelf due to its deeper environmental habitat. (Li and Keller, 1998), (Huber, 1992), (Nederbragt, 1991). In addition to the index species, the planktonic assemblages of this zone include: Heterohelix navarroensis Loeblish, H. globulosa (Ehrenberg), H. striata (Ehrenberg), H reussi (Cushman), H. nauttalli (Voorwijk), H. punctulats (Cushman),H. pulchra (Brotzen), Planoglobulina carseyae (Plummer), P. brazoensis Martin, Rogoglobigerina rugosa (Plummer), R. hexcamerata Bronnimann, R. macrocephala Bronnimann, R. milamensis Smith&Pessa, Gansserina gansseri (Reuss), G. wiedenmayeri (Gandolfi), Globotruncanita stuarti (de Lapparent),Globotruncanita stuartiforms Dalbez, Globotruncanita conica White, Globotruncanita pettersi Gandulfi, Rugotruncana subcircumnodifer ( Gandolfi) R. circumnodifer ( Gandolfi), ,Globotruncana aegyptica Nakkady, Glt. orientalis Elnaggar, Glt. rosetta (Carsey), Glt. falsostuarti Sigal, Glt. mariei Banner & Blow, Glt. arca (Cushman), Glt. gagnebini Tilev, ,Glt. bulloides Vohgler, Glt. linneina (d Orbigny),Glt. ventricosa White, Glt. insignis (Gandolfi), Glt. dupeublei Caron et al., Glt. lapparenti Boli, Contusotruncana fornicata (Plummer) ,Abathomphalus mayaroensis (Bolli), Abathomphalus intermedius (Boli), Globotruncanella petaloidea (Gandolfi), Globotruncanella havanensis (Voorwuk), Pseudotextularia elegans (Rzehak),Pseudotextularia deformis (kikoine), P. intermedia (De Clasz), Pseudoguembelina costulata (Cushman), Gublerina cuvillieri kikoine, Globigerinelloides voluta (White), G. multispiinata (Lalicker), G. prairiehilleinsis Pessagno, G. subcarinatus Bronnimann, G. bolli 53
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BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF
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IV Dedicated: To My Wife My Daughte
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VI Abstract The Cretaceous / Tertia
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VIII successions from the upper par
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3.2.1.4- Pseudotextularia intermedi
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XII Table No. Title Page Table (3.1
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XIV Fig (4.11): Sedimentation rate
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Chapter Four Depositional Environme
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Chapter Five CHAPTER FIVE Conclusio
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Chapter Five Conclusion Paleontolog
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Chapter Five Conclusion (Late Maast
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Chapter Five Conclusion E- Kato sec
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Chapter Five Conclusion 16- The ter
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REFERENCES Abawi, T. S. Abdel-Kiree
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Northwestern Iraq. Rafidain Journal
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Bandy, O. L., 1967. Cretaceous plan
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limestone from the accretionary pri
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Cretaceous of the south Constantine
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James, G. A. and Wynd, J. G., 1965.
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Kassab, I. I. M., 1975c. Planktonic
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Liu, C. and Olsson, R. K., 1992. Ev
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Molina, E. Arenillas, I. and Arz, J
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Petters, S. W. EL-Nakhal, H. A. and
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Sissakian, V. K., 2000. Geological
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES PLATE -1
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PLATE -3 Scale bar represents magni
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PLATE -11 Scale bar represents magn
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PLATE -17 Figs 1- 3 Globotruncana a
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PLATE -19 Figs. 1 Gansserina wieden
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PLATE -21 Figs 1-2 Abathomphalus ma
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PLATE -23 Fig. 1 Globigerinelloides
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