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“ ...One reason Haiti has had such difficulties was that for way too long, the donors were basically providing all of the services. Because there was no connection between citizens and their government, there was no sense of mutual accountability.” Responding to Fragile States Responding to Fragile States: Lessons From Recent Experience | 71
not be sustainable. What is needed instead is a system that engages citizens of the state. Paul Collier has raised the question of why a capital city-based bureaucracy should be responsible for all the activities entailed in implementing state health services or education services. He suggests it is better to focus on what the core functions of the state should be. To take the example of health services, what should the government’s key tasks be? One such task may be to decide the overall health priorities. However, with regard to actually delivering the services, there is a variety of ways in which a state can arrange for effective health delivery. Collier advises separating the policy function from the funding of various actors to undertake delivery. The funding might be taken out of the ministry and a separate structure created for funding and oversight. This strategy is similar to that which the World Bank adopts in highly corrupt, weak states. Yet the challenge is figuring out how that kind of ad hoc structure, which comes and goes with the Bank presence, can be made permanent. The idea of a similar structure came out of the OECD, which was called the Partnership for Democratic Governance. Under this, support would be provided to countries that were interested in doing innovative contracting-out kinds of arrangements. However, certain cautions need to be mentioned to avoid replicating the past mistakes. In the OECD-DAC’s work on Haiti, it was found that one reason Haiti has had such difficulties was that for way too long, the donors were basically providing all of the services. Because there was no connection between citizens and their government, there was no sense of mutual accountability. Whatever kind of performance management contracts are set up, an accountability relationship clearly needs to be built in between service providers and their clients. Also, this process cannot let the government off the hook. Government still needs to have a role to play in services provision, such as in establishing the overall policy dimensions or providing some monitoring and evaluation of the services. Ultimately, that kind of long route of accountability needs to be established. Finally, it is evident that in post-conflict countries at least, a series of business models is at work that may come into conflict. First, a well-established humanitarian business model emphasizes saving lives. It has a built-in system of contracting arrangements, expectations and benchmarks. There is also a longer-term development business model with a similar set of procedures. The fragile states work led to a growing recognition of a third, intermediary business model that is still in formation. This emerging system creates tensions with both the humanitarian model and the development model. In the case of the humanitarian model, the emphasis on urgently saving lives, irrespective of what else stands in the way, often leads to by passing state organizations. To the extent that this model operates, state building cannot begin to be 72 | Engaging Fragile States: An International Policy Primer
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Engaging Fragile States An Internat
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report would
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The compelling rationale behind the
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which had some forms of interactive
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Why are failed states relevant to U
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In 2009-2010, Pakistan, Yemen, and
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“ What is needed is government-wi
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All in all, between the undesirable
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Report Aims and Structure To help b
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What can be done to keep a state fr
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It is to be expected that countries
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Sources of Failure and Resiliency T
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all rankings come to the top, such
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Page 37 and 38: Why would the US and other internat
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Page 41 and 42: Life Cycle of Conflicts Peacemaking
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Page 47 and 48: States (OAS) have agreed on normati
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Page 61 and 62: Can International Mediation Incenti
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Page 85 and 86: zero-sum game. If you do not captur
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Page 95 and 96: “ What motivates people to engage
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and political disputes. As Part I d
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atrocities from happening at all, a
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tition and bargaining among key lea
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tunities to build public interest-o
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fragile states, modest steps can be
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Endnotes 1 The State Fragility Inde
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Bibliography “10-Step BEFORE Appr
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