Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline

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Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries A5.10.7. Change in gear (hooks or leaders) A5.10.8. Most important factor in determining shark CPUE A5.11. Incentives and Attitudes toward Reducing Shark Bycatch and Depredation A5.12. References Appendix 6. Peru Artisanal Pelagic Longline Mahi Mahi and Shark Fishery 101 A6.1. Elamobranch Fishery A6.2. Artisanal Longline Fleet Characteristics A6.3. Range of Fishing Gear and Methods A6.4. Catch and Discard Rates of Target and Bycatch Species A6.5. Regulations and their Implications for a Management Framework A6.6. Shark Market and Implications for the Management Framework A6.7. Economic, Social and Ecological Effects, Including Effects on Fishing Practices, from Regulations Governing Shark Interactions A6.8. Practices to Deal with Caught Sharks and Costs from Shark Depredation and Gear Damage A6.9. Methods for Onboard Processing of Retained Sharks A6.10. Reasons for Discarding Sharks A6.11. Practices Employed to Reduce Shark Capture and Depredation A6.12. Reasons for Discontinuing any Methods Attempted to Reduce Shark Interactions A6.13. Perceptions on Efficacy and Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce Shark Interactions A6.13.1. Avoiding peak areas and times of shark abundance A6.13.2. Reducing the detection of baited hooks by sharks, such as by refraining from chumming during the set and not discarding offal and spent bait during the haul A6.13.3. Limiting shark access to baited hooks, such as altering fishing practices to consider deployment depth of hooks and timing of the soak and haul to avoid problematic shark species A6.13.4. Deterring sharks such as with chemical shark deterrents and electrical deterrents A6.13.5. Reducing the attractiveness of baited hooks to sharks, such as by using artificial baits, using or not using light sticks, or avoiding a bait type known to result in high shark catch rates A6.13.6. Reducing injury to hooked sharks that you will discard A6.13.7. Reducing shark retention by avoiding a specific size or type of hook, or by not using wire leaders on branch lines A6.13.8. Will the economic impact of sharks be reduced from using a wire leader on branchlines A6.13.9. What is the most important factor that affects shark CPUE – altering fishing position in relation to certain water temperature, topographic features, or oceanographic features; changing the time of day or month of setting or hauling; changing the depth of hooks, or a combination of these factors? A6.14. Incentives and Attitudes on Reducing Shark Bycatch and Depredation A6.15. Supporting Figures A6.16. References Appendix 7. South Africa Pelagic Longline Tuna and Swordfish Fishery 113 A7.1. Introduction A7.2. Data Sources A7.3. History of the Fishery and Effort Trends A7.4. Fishing Gear and Operations A7.5. Shark Bycatch Composition and Catch Rates A7.5.1. Catch composition A7.5.2. Perception of interviewees A7.6. Management Framework Relevant to Shark Interactions A7.7. Economic, Social and Ecological Effects, Including Effects on Fishing Practices, from Regulations Governing Shark Interactions A7.8. Practices to Deal with Caught Sharks A7.9. Methods for Onboard Processing of Retained Sharks A7.10. Shark Depredation and Gear Damage A7.11. Practices Employed to Reduce Shark Capture A7.12. Incentives and Attitudes on Reducing Shark Bycatch and Depredation A7.13. Acknowledgements A7.14. References
Contents Appendix 8. USA Hawaii Longline Swordfish and Tuna Fisheries 121 A8.1. A8.2. A8.3. A8.4. A8.5. A8.6. A8.7. A8.8. A8.9. A8.10. A8.11. Fleet Development and Characteristics Range of Fishing Gear and Methods Catch and Discard Rates of Target and Bycatch Species Management Framework Relevant to Shark Interactions Economic, Social, and Ecological Effects, Including Effects on Fishing Practices, from Regulations Governing Shark Interactions Practices to Deal with Caught Sharks and Costs from Shark Depredation and Gear Damage Onboard Processing of Retained Sharks Reasons for Discarding Sharks Practices Employed to Reduce Shark Capture and Depredation Reasons for Discontinuing any Methods Attempted to Reduce Shark Interactions Perceptions on Efficacy and Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce Shark Interactions A8.11.1. Avoiding peak areas and times of shark abundance A8.11.2. Reducing the detection of baited hooks by sharks, such as by refraining from chumming during the set and not discarding offal and spent bait during the haul A8.11.3. Limiting shark access to baited hooks, such as altering fishing practices to consider deployment depth of hooks and timing of the soak and haul to avoid problematic shark species A8.11.4. Deterring sharks such as with chemical shark deterrents and electrical deterrents A8.11.5. Reducing the attractiveness of baited hooks to sharks, such as by using artificial baits, using or not using light sticks, or avoiding a bait type known to result in high shark catch rates A8.11.6. Reducing injury to hooked sharks that you will discard A8.11.7. Reducing shark retention by avoiding a specific size or type of hook, or by not using wire leaders on branch lines A8.11.8. Will the economic impact of sharks be reduced from using a wire leader on branch lines A8.11.9. What is the most important factor that affects shark CPUE – altering fishing position A8.12. A8.13. in relation to certain water temperature, topographic features, or oceanographic features; changing the time of day or month of setting or hauling; changing the depth of hooks, or a combination of these factors? Incentives and Attitudes on Reducing Shark Bycatch and Depredation References Appendix 9. U.S.A. Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Longline Swordfish and Tuna Fisheries 133 A9.1. Introduction A9.1.1. Caveats in available data sets and reports A9.1.2. Geographic fishing zones and status of the fleet A9.1.3. Gear types A9.1.4. Management parameters A9.1.5. Shark management A9.2. Incidental Shark Takes in the Atlantic A9.2.1. General takes according to species A9.2.2. Takes according to region and alternative factors A9.2.3. Shark depredation A9.3. Potential Strategies to Reduce Shark Interactions and Mortality A9.3.1. That related to other taxa or fisheries A9.3.2. That related to pelagic operations A9.3.3. Effects of J-style versus circle hooks A9.3.4. Ongoing work on hook repellants A9.3.5. Next steps A9.4. References Appendix 10. Contributing Authors’ Contact Details 148 xi
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Page 9 and 10: Contents Summary and Conclusions 1
Page 11: Contents Appendix 3. Fiji Pelagic L
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Introduction and Methods
Page 21 and 22: Introduction and Methods 1.2. Metho
Page 23 and 24: Fishing Gear and Operational Charac
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Page 27 and 28: Shark Catch Rates and Disposition T
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 4 National and Internationa
Page 31 and 32: National and International Measures
Page 33 and 34: Economic, Practical, Ecological and
Page 35 and 36: Economic, Practical, Ecological and
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 6 Industry Attitudes and Pr
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Page 43 and 44: Chapter 7 Potential of Deterrents,
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Page 49: References Neves dos Santos, M., Ga
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Appendix 6 Peru Artisanal Mahimahi
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Appendix 8 USA Hawaii-based Pelagic
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Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline

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