Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline

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Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries A6.16. References ALFARO, J. and J. MANGEL. 2002. Pilot project to Monitor the Longline Shark Fishery in Peru. Final Report for Duke University, March 2005. BONFIL, R. 1994. Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 341. Rome, FAO. 125 pp. CATARCI, C. 2004. World markets and industry of selected commerciallyexploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile. FAO Fisheries Circular. No. 990. Rome, FAO. 2004. 186p. 2004 DIARIO OFICIAL EL PERUANO. 2001. Aprueban relacion de tallas minimas de captura y tolerancia maxima de ejemplares juveniles de principales peces marinos e invertebrados. Resolucion Ministerial No 209-2001- PE. Año XIX, Nro.7675 (27 Junio 2001), p. 205170-205171. ESCUDERO, L. 1997. Encuesta estructural de la pesqueria artesanal del litoral peruano. Informe Progresivo del Instituto del Mar del Peru 59: 1-87. ESTRELLA, C. and GUEVARA-CARRASCO, R. 1998a. Informe estadístico anual de los recursos hidrobiológicos de la pesca artesanal por especies, artes, caletas y meses durante 1996. Instituto del Mar del Perú. Informe no.131, Marzo 1998. La Punta, Callao. 222pp. ESTRELLA, C. and GUEVARA-CARRASCO, R. 1998b. Informe estadístico anual de los recursos hidrobiológicos de la pesca artesanal por especies, artes, caletas y meses durante 1997. Instituto del Mar del Perú. Informe no.132, Marzo 1998. La Punta, Callao. 422pp. ESTRELLA, C., GUEVARA-CARRASCO, R., and PALACIOS, J. 1998. Informe estadístico de los recursos hidrobiológicos de la pesca artesanal por especies, artes, caletas y meses durante el primer semestre de 1998. Instituto del Mar del Perú. Informe no.139, 229 pp. ESTRELLA, C., GUEVARA-CARRASCO, R., and PALACIOS, J. 1999a. Informe estadístico de los recursos hidrobiológicos de la pesca artesanal por especies, artes, caletas y meses durante el segundo semestre de 1998. Instituto del Mar del Perú. Informe no.143, Febrero 1999. La Punta, Callao. 226pp. ESTRELLA, C., GUEVARA-CARRASCO, R., AVILA, W., PALACIOS, J., and MEDINA, A. 2000. Informe estadístico de los recursos hidrobiológicos de la pesca artesanal por especies, artes, meses y caletas durante el segundo semestre de 1999. Instituto del Mar del Perú. Informe no. 151, Enero 2000. La Punta, Callao. 194pp. ESTRELLA, C., CASTILLO, G. and FERNANDEZ, J., 2006. II Encuesta Estructural de la Pesquería Artesanal Peruana. Regiones de Moquegua y Tacna. FAO FISHERY INFORMATION, DATA and STATISTICS UNIT. 2006. Fisheries commodities production and trade 1976-2004. FISHSTAT Plus - Universal software for fishery statistical time series [online or CD-ROM]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp JAHNCKE, J., GOYA. E. and GUILLEN, A. 2001. Seabird bycatch in small-scale longline fisheries in Northern Peru. Waterbirds 24(1): 137-141. LEY GENERAL DE PESCA. 2001. Decreto Supremo Nº 012-2001-PE. MINISTERIO DE PESQUERIA. 2000. Agenda pendiente, Un mar de oportunidades. MANGEL, J. and J. ALFARO- SHIGUETO. 2004. Seabird bycatch in Peruvian artisanal fisheries: Results from fishermen surveys. Oral presentation at the 3rd International Albatross and Petrel Conference, Montevideo, Uruguay, August. PROMPEX, COMISION PARA LA PROMOCION DE EXPORTACIONES. On-line information. May 2006. www.prompex.gob.pe REYES, J.C., 1993. Reintroduction of Longlines in the Peruvian Shark Fishery: An Alternative to Reduce Small Cetacean Mortality. Final report for the Cetacean Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN, and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society WCS. pp 30. VANNUCCINI, S. 1999. Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade. FAO FISHER- IES TECHNICAL PAPER 389, Rome, 1999. ESTRELLA, C., GUEVARA-CARRASCO, R., PALACIOS, J., AVILA, W., and ME- DINA, A. 1999b. Informe estadístico de los recursos hidrobiológicos de la pesca artesanal por especies, artes, meses y caletas durante el primer semestre de 1999. Instituto del Mar del Perú. Informe no.148, Agosto 1999. La Punta, Callao. 214pp. 112
Appendix 7 South Africa Pelagic Longline Tuna and Swordfish Fishery: Industry Practices and Attitudes towards Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch Samantha Petersen and Meidad Goren, BirdLife South Africa, Seabirds@birdlife.org.za A7.1. Introduction The oceanic and inshore waters surrounding South Africa are frequented by 36 species of sharks that are classified as threatened, near-threatened or data-deficient by the IUCN (IUCN redlist). Nineteen of these species are threatened by either directed fishing operations or due to bycatch on other fisheries, eight of which longline bycatch is a known threat. These include the Thresher Shark Alopias vulpinus, Great Hammerhead S. mokarran, Scalloped Hammerhead S. lewini, Smooth Hammerhead S. zygaena, Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus, Blue Shark Prionace glauca, Porbeagle Shark Lamna nasus and Crocodile Shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai. However, little is known of the scale of this threat in South Africa’s pelagic fishery. A7.2. Data Sources Observer data from South Africa flagged vessels, collected and analyzed from 2000 to 2005, are used for analyses in this study. Obser-vers were only placed on foreign flagged vessels in 2005 and thus data only from this year are available for analysis. We conducted ten interviews all with captains and crew of South African flagged vessels, as no foreign vessels have been operating in South African waters since the commencement of this study. A7.3. History of the Fishery and Effort Trends The earliest record of a South African domestic pelagic longline fishery dates back to the early 1960s. This fishery predominantly targeted Albacore Thunnus alalunga, Southern Bluefin T. maccoyii and Bigeye T. obesus tunas (Cooper and Ryan, 2005). Effort waned in the domestic fishery in the mid 1960s, as interest shifted to more lucrative fisheries. Thereafter, pelagic fishing effort was largely conducted by Japanese and Taiwanese vessels as part of a bilateral agreement (Fig A7.1). These Asian vessels set their gear relatively deeply, frequently set during the day, seldom used lightsticks and primarily targeted tuna spp. Their fishing effort accounted for 96% of the c. 12 million hooks set annually within the South African EEZ during 1998-2000 (Ryan and Boix-Hinzen, 1998, Ryan et al., 2002). In 1995 a permit was issued to conduct a joint venture operation between a South African and Japanese vessel. This joint venture showed that tuna and swordfish could be profitably exploited in South African waters. Consequently, the directorate Marine and Coastal Management issued 30 experimental permits in 1997 to South African flagged vessels. These vessels set their gear relatively shallow, used light sticks and set their lines at night and primarily caught swordfish (Fig. A7.2). All foreign licences were revoked in 2002. This has resulted in a smaller and domestic fishery operating in South Africa’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) targeting primarily swordfish. However, the domestic fishery was further developed in 2004 when 50 commercial fishing rights were made available for allocation (30 tuna and 20 swordfish). Twenty six rights (11 Korean, 2 Philippine and 4 South African flagged vessels; remaining permits under ship building contracts) were allocated to vessels fishing for tuna and 17 for those fishing for swordfish (15 South African, 1 Belize and 1 Australian flagged vessel) in March 2005. These foreign vessels were operating under joint venture contracts with South African companies. Their effort is recorded separately because they operate differently to the South African vessel as detailed above (Fig. A7.3). 113
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Contents Summary and Conclusions 1
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Contents Appendix 3. Fiji Pelagic L
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Contents Appendix 8. USA Hawaii Lon
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Methods
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Introduction and Methods 1.2. Metho
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Fishing Gear and Operational Charac
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Fishing Gear and Operational Charac
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Shark Catch Rates and Disposition T
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Chapter 4 National and Internationa
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National and International Measures
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Economic, Practical, Ecological and
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Economic, Practical, Ecological and
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Chapter 6 Industry Attitudes and Pr
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Industry Attitudes and Practices Lo
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Industry Attitudes and Practices Fi
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Chapter 7 Potential of Deterrents,
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Potential of Deterrents, Hotspot Av
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References Campana, S.E., L. Marks,
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References Neves dos Santos, M., Ga
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Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline

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