Our new Biological Assessment is out - Klamath Basin Crisis

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Klamath Project Operations Biological Assessment Endangered Suckers: Environmental Baseline for Suckers Figure 2-11. Flowchart of Klamath River Basin water quality interactions. Climate /Weather Δ Run-Off Timber Harvest Agriculture Wetland Drainage Δ Snow pack Δ Groundwater Recharge Altered Hydrology ↑ Organic Matter Internal Nutrient Loading Excess Nutrients ↑ Water Temp Microbiota Δ Humics ↑ SOD ↑ BOD ↑ AFA/Algal Composition Shift ↓ DO ↑ NH 3 ↑ pH ↑ DO Stressful and/or Leathal to Aquatic Life 65
Klamath Project Operations Biological Assessment Endangered Suckers: Environmental Baseline for Suckers Watershed Alterations Affecting Water Quality It has been suggested that large scale watershed development from the late-1800s though the 1900s has contributed to the lake’s current hypereutrophic condition (Bortleson and Fretwell 1993; Eilers et al. 2001; Bradbury et al. 2004; Eilers et al. 2004; Geiger et al. 2005). Accelerated sediment and nutrient loading to UKL consistent with land use practices in the Upper Klamath watershed (Eilers et al. 2004) have resulted in algae blooms of higher magnitude and longer duration (Kann 1998). These blooms have led to extreme water quality conditions (high pH, low DO, and high ammonia) that may increase fish stress, negatively impact fish health and increase the size and frequency of fish die-offs (Perkins et al. 2000 Water Quality; Wood et al. 2006; Kuwabara et al. 2007; Morace 2007). In recent decades, the lake has experienced serious water quality problems that have resulted in massive fish die-offs, as well as pronounced horizontal re-distribution of fish in response to changes in water quality (Buettner and Scoppetonne 1990; Banish et al. 2007). While there is general agreement that declining water quality in UKL coincides with the settlement of Upper Klamath Basin, the causal mechanism is yet unclear (Graham et al. 2005). Agriculture Agricultural of UKL have likely contributed to the accelerated erosion leading to an increase in sediment and nutrient loading rates to UKL. Most of the agricultural activity in the Upper Klamath watershed is related to livestock grazing, with little crop production occurring upstream of UKL. Livestock, particularly cattle, have heavily grazed flood plains, wetlands, forest, rangelands, and riparian corridors, resulting in the degradation of these areas. The increase in sediment accumulation and nutrient loading are consistent with the changes in land use in the Upper Klamath watershed occurring during the late-1800s through the 1900s (Bortleson and Fretwell 1993; Eilers et al. 2001; Bradbury et al. 2004; Eilers et al. 2004; Geiger et al. 2005). However, the magnitude of impact from agriculture and livestock grazing on nutrient and sediment input to UKL is unquantified. Approximately 35% of the watershed above UKL is used for livestock grazing. Cattle production in Klamath County reached a peak near 1960 with a total of about 140,000 head (Table 2-2; Eilers et al. 2001). In the Wood River Valley approximately 35,000 head of cattle graze during the summer and fall and less than 1,000 during the other months (Eilers et al. 2001). In the Sprague River Valley approximately 20,000 head graze on pastures in summer and approximately 1,500 head graze during winter (Eilers et al. 2001). In recent years the numbers of cattle have been reduced by approximately 50%, in 2007 the number of cattle reported for 2007 is 81,000 from the high in 1960. 66
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Biological Assessment The Effects o
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Biological Assessment The Effects o
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Klamath Project Operations Biologic
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This biological a
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Part 1 INTRODUCTION, ACTION AREA, A
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Part 3 COHO SALMON Information abou
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Environmental Baseline Klamath Proj
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T&C 5 T&C 6 T&C 7 T&C 8 Fund instre
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Description Part 5 BALD EAGLES A la
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Figure 5-1. Bald Eagle range in Nor
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Part 7 CONSULTATION HISTORY Section
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Part 9 LITERATURE CITED Agrawal, A.
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Accomplishment Report, Winter 2007.
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Our new Biological Assessment is out - Klamath Basin Crisis

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