rp21 situational analysis - Pacific Health Voices

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Cannabis A 2001 Drug Threat Assessment by the United States National Drug Intelligence Center identified Samoa as the primary source of cannabis for American Samoa. 648 Cannabis was reportedly the most frequently used drug. In that report, the notable exception to the stable and downward trend in risk-taking behaviours was the increase (
Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 134 Other The 2001 Drug Threat Assessment highlighted increasing methamphetamine (largely ice) use, but concluded that the source would likely be Hawaii rather than large-scale local manufacture. 654 Recent media reports indicate the presence of methamphetamine and cocaine, with a man gaoled in 2007 for possession of 555 grams of cocaine. 655 This view is supported by the number of drug-related cases before the courts and in court reports. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey undertaken in American Samoa by the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention showed very little change (and usually a decrease) in alcohol and drug-taking behaviours from 1999 to 2007. 656 It is not clear how closely use patterns in Western Samoa mirror those in American Samoa, but of interest for future research will be any discussion on the impact of social determinants of drug use — for example, the culture of hospitality and consumption is likely to affect both countries. 10.4 Licit drug trends When opium supplies were low, Chinese labourers manufactured drugs and distilled proof spirits from cocoa juice, making more money from these processes in one night than from a month of plantation work. 657 It is well recorded that Samoan culture dictates a strong family and community unit providing support for the whole group. 658 This culture of support has been shown to influence the drinking patterns of Samoans resident in New Zealand and may be equally significant in-country. 659 Consumption patterns are strongly influenced by the culture of hospitality and entertaining and the notion that all food and alcohol provided at the events must be consumed and that providing only small quantities is regarded as parsimonious. 660 654 Above, fn.648. 655 First cocaine defendant in Samoa convicted and sentenced to jail, Radio New Zealand International, 17 October 2007; Samoa upholds jailing of cocaine convict, Radio New Zealand International, 12 December 2007; Former Samoa tobacco company boss guilty of drugs crime, Radio New Zealand International, 24 June 2008 — all available at: (accessed November 2008). 656 Available at: (accessed November 2008). 657 Above, fn.631; at the time it was not considered an offence to distil spirits. 658 CIA above, fn.622. 659 SHORE/Whariki & Massey University, Pacific Research & Development Services (2004), Pacific Drugs and Alcohol Consumption Survey 2003: final report, vol.1. Auckland, New Zealand: SHORE. 660 Ibid.
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21 Situational analysis ANCD resear
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© Australian National Council on D
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3 Federated States of Micronesia ..
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10 Papua New Guinea ...............
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17 Vanuatu ........................
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Situational analysis of drug and al
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1. Regional overview 1.1 Introducti
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and incorporate offences for emergi
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determined by national governments,
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Impact of trade To join the World T
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understanding of the issues exists
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Religion With high rates of active
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often before the courts. However, t
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the Pacific, but States such as Ton
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Inhalants While not illegal, the in
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1.6 Regional networks and responses
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Health The previous situational ana
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Standards Association of Australia
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Islands to strengthen public health
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1.9 Gaps analysis While existing re
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While there has been much discussio
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Response development While many PIC
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2. Cook Islands Population 11 870 (
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determinant of drug and alcohol con
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trafficking and terrorist financing
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In 2002, Cook Islands representativ
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Law enforcement The Cook Islands is
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2.6 Australian involvement In the i
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2.8 Gaps analysis Very little infor
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The population of FSM is reportedly
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period there may have been some ins
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noted that price increases in comme
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traditional leaders, community lead
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3.8 Gaps analysis Unlike many of th
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Demographics Census data for 2007 e
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The 2000 Census reported that over
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she was selling but not using drugs
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among drinkers (69 per cent of male
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Fiji. 308 This review included an i
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In addition, the Fiji Council of So
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4.8 Gaps analysis With Fiji’s inc
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Demographics In the most recent Kir
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5.3 Illicit drug trends Reports on
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fermented toddy kaokioki and homebr
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Parliament, in addition to increase
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5.6 Australian involvement The Aust
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6. Marshall Islands Population 64 5
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Page 116 and 117: 8.2 Drug and alcohol overview A New
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Page 120 and 121: with any New Zealand Act deemed to
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Page 124 and 125: 9. Palau Population 20 796 (July 20
Page 126 and 127: citizens to reside, work and study
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Page 130 and 131: The legal age for alcohol purchases
Page 132 and 133: Legislation The Public Health and S
Page 134 and 135: 9.6 Australian involvement Australi
Page 136 and 137: 9.8 Gaps analysis Palau’s respons
Page 138 and 139: The most recent Census report 572 h
Page 140 and 141: Cannabis Papua New Guinea is report
Page 142 and 143: new employment opportunities for th
Page 144 and 145: Law enforcement The National Narcot
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Page 148 and 149: 11. Samoa Population 219 998 (July
Page 150 and 151: Health and development The United N
Page 154 and 155: Alcohol The Samoan Ministry of Heal
Page 156 and 157: Kava Legislation As with many other
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Page 162 and 163: careers. A 2007 training needs asse
Page 164 and 165: Demographics The current population
Page 166 and 167: 12.4 Licit drug trends Alcohol Medi
Page 168 and 169: Non-government organisations A 2007
Page 170 and 171: 13. Timor-Leste Population 1 131 61
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Page 174 and 175: 13.4 Licit drug trends As with illi
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Page 178 and 179: national development. The review wi
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Page 184 and 185: Interestingly, consumption during c
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Page 188 and 189: 15. Tonga Population 120 898 (July
Page 190 and 191: develop a more effective and equita
Page 192 and 193: In 2003, Tonga introduced heavy pen
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Page 198 and 199: The Salvation Army Alcohol and Drug
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Demographics The population of Tuva
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Cannabis In 2008, police and custom
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Health For the first time in 2009,
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Australian non-government organisat
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17. Vanuatu Population 218 519 (Jul
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Health and development In the most
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A 2003 report identified limited dr
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household expenditure was VUV645 42
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17.5 Local responses Legislation Hi
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Non-government organisations The Va
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Australian non-government organisat
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17.8 Gaps analysis Participants at
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Pacific Islands Law Officers’ Net
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Pacific Islands Law Officers’ Net
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Other areas • Understanding contr
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Convention against Illicit Traffic
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Convention against Illicit Traffic
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SPARTECA 1981 MSG BTA FTA December
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SPARTECA 1981 MSG BTA FTA R Nov 198
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SPARTECA 1981 MSG BTA FTA S Jul 198
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Australian World Vision Oxfam Save
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Alcohol Customs (Miscellaneous) Ame
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Alcohol Liquor Act 1975; Liquor Ame
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Alcohol Alcoholic Drink Act 1984 [C
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Notes: Based on current publicly av
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Blignault, I., Bunde-Birouste, A.,
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Federated States of Micronesia Divi
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Kuschel, R.T., Angikinui, F.T. & An
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Pacific Regional HIV/AIDS Project (
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South Pacific Forum, Forum Communiq
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Media reports and websites £30m wo
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Fiji’s HIV situation, Fiji Daily
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O’Connor, Patrick, (2009), Moti d
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Timor-Leste country review (2008) i
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