rp21 situational analysis - Pacific Health Voices

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Law enforcement The Cook Islands is a member of the Pacific Islands Law Officers’ Network and attended the most recent meetings in December 2007 and December 2008. No drug and alcohol issues were highlighted in the annual reports, with the exception of support provided to the Australian Attorney-General’s Office in the collection and swearing of evidence for a serious drug smuggling case in 2008. The Cook Islands is a member of the Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG), which was officially established in February 1997 at the Fourth (and last) Asia/Pacific Money Laundering Symposium in Bangkok as an autonomous regional anti-money laundering body. The Cook Islands is also a beneficiary under the Pacific Islands Forum’s Pacific Anti- Money Laundering Programme (PALP). 173 Health The Joint Country Strategy of the Cook Islands and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community 174 reflects the earlier-mentioned NSDP. Under Strategic Goal 1: ‘Equal opportunities for education, health, and other social services towards maintaining an inclusive, vibrant, resilient and productive society in harmony with our culture’, strategic targets include: develop and implement a comprehensive drug and alcohol, tobacco and gambling cessation strategy; and enact alcohol and drug, tobacco and gambling legislation. Proposed SPC technical assistance includes providing technical assistance to finalise the Cooks Islands Alcohol Strategy, among other alcohol-related inputs. 175 Agencies identified as instrumental in the achievement of these goals include the Cook Islands Ministry of Health, Cook Islands Association of Non-Government Organisations (CIANGO), Are Pa Taunga, Te Kainga, Punanga Tauturu, Cook Islands Family Welfare Association, Are Pa Metua, Cook Islands Red Cross, Tobacco Control Working Group and the National AIDS Committee. The Public Health Division aims to change behaviour through school programs, and a national tobacco strategy has been drafted with help from WHO and NZAID. 176 Steps toward the implementation of the development strategy have commenced with the Finance Minister announcing an increase in taxes on soft drinks, cigarettes and alcohol in June 2008. The taxes are expected to reduce consumption resulting in improved health outcomes particularly for young people. 177 Ministry of Health officials report alcohol services including: a twice-weekly Alcoholics Anonymous-type program at Te Kainga (Community Mental Health Service provider); Te Kainga/Ministry of Health awareness programs — ‘Men Against Violence’; men/ women counselling groups; and doctors in 41 173 See details of PALP above, section 1.8 (Regional overview), and below, section 2.7 (International involvement) of this report. 174 Cook Islands & the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2009), Joint Country Strategy in Support of the Cook Islands National Sustainable Development Plan 2007–2010. Noumea: SPC. 175 Ibid. 176 Above, fn.129. 177 Cook Islands raises tax on cigarettes, alcohol. Radio Australia, 19 June 2008; available at: (accessed November 2008). Cook Islands
Situational analysis of drug and alcohol issues and responses in the Pacific 42 hospital accident and emergency departments are encouraged to counsel or refer alcoholrelated injuries. It is not clear if these services are limited to Rarotonga. This needs to be further explored with local counterparts. Non-government organisations CIANGO is the umbrella organisation for NGOs in the Cook Islands and represents the Cook Islands on the Pacific Islands Association of Non-Governmental Organisations (PIANGO). CIANGO has a broad membership base including women, youths, churches, uniformed organisations, traditional groups, and the Chamber of Commerce. No specific mention of drug and alcohol interventions is made, but this organisation provides a potential framework for the development of future interventions. 178 Regulation Recent news reports indicate a move toward increasing taxation and regulation of alcohol and tobacco. 179 Currently taxes are calculated per litre depending on the alcohol content of the product, with higher taxes for imported beer. 180 In 2006, the Cook Islands moved to abolish the majority of customs levies, with levies remaining on the four major imports into the Cook Islands: alcohol, tobacco, fuel, and motor vehicles, along with levies on some smaller imports, soft drinks and vegetables (seasonal levy). 181 In 2007, a report considering the impact of trade reform on revenue described the result of an import levy of 20 per cent applied to what are termed ‘luxury’ or ‘sin goods’, such as alcohol, cigarettes and cars. In addition, an excise tax is also imposed on these items. 182 The price inelasticity of these types of goods was seen as positive in maintaining and increasing revenue. 178 PIANGO, available at: (accessed May 2009); an email was sent to CIANGO (with no reply as at May 2009). 179 Cook Islands raises taxes in cigarettes and alcohol, June 2008. Available at: (accessed May 2009). 180 ADB above, fn.140. 181 Cook Islands tax reforms: report to 17th Tax Conference, ADB Institute, Tokyo, 8–11 October 2007. Available at: (accessed May 2009). 182 N. Soni, B. Harries & B. Zinner-Toa (2007), Responding to the Revenue Consequences of Trade Reforms in the Forum Island Countries: final report. Port Vila: Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat.
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21 Situational analysis ANCD resear
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© Australian National Council on D
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3 Federated States of Micronesia ..
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10 Papua New Guinea ...............
Page 9 and 10: 17 Vanuatu ........................
Page 11 and 12: Situational analysis of drug and al
Page 20 and 21: 1. Regional overview 1.1 Introducti
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Page 24 and 25: determined by national governments,
Page 26 and 27: Impact of trade To join the World T
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Page 30 and 31: Religion With high rates of active
Page 32 and 33: often before the courts. However, t
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Page 36 and 37: Inhalants While not illegal, the in
Page 38 and 39: 1.6 Regional networks and responses
Page 40 and 41: Health The previous situational ana
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Page 46 and 47: 1.9 Gaps analysis While existing re
Page 48 and 49: While there has been much discussio
Page 50 and 51: Response development While many PIC
Page 52 and 53: 2. Cook Islands Population 11 870 (
Page 54 and 55: determinant of drug and alcohol con
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Page 58 and 59: In 2002, Cook Islands representativ
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Page 64 and 65: 2.8 Gaps analysis Very little infor
Page 66 and 67: The population of FSM is reportedly
Page 68 and 69: period there may have been some ins
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Page 74 and 75: 3.8 Gaps analysis Unlike many of th
Page 76 and 77: Demographics Census data for 2007 e
Page 78 and 79: The 2000 Census reported that over
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Page 82 and 83: among drinkers (69 per cent of male
Page 84 and 85: Fiji. 308 This review included an i
Page 86 and 87: In addition, the Fiji Council of So
Page 88 and 89: 4.8 Gaps analysis With Fiji’s inc
Page 90 and 91: Demographics In the most recent Kir
Page 92 and 93: 5.3 Illicit drug trends Reports on
Page 94 and 95: fermented toddy kaokioki and homebr
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Page 100 and 101: 6. Marshall Islands Population 64 5
Page 102 and 103: 6.2 Drug and alcohol overview The M
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number of drinks consumed in a sess
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the program of work, Australian adv
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8. Niue Population Age Gender Liter
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8.2 Drug and alcohol overview A New
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a Master’s thesis on alcohol cons
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with any New Zealand Act deemed to
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8.6 Australian involvement It is es
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9. Palau Population 20 796 (July 20
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citizens to reside, work and study
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the lower rate of use by females. 5
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The legal age for alcohol purchases
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Legislation The Public Health and S
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9.6 Australian involvement Australi
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9.8 Gaps analysis Palau’s respons
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The most recent Census report 572 h
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Cannabis Papua New Guinea is report
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new employment opportunities for th
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Law enforcement The National Narcot
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Non-government organisations Papua
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11. Samoa Population 219 998 (July
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Health and development The United N
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Cannabis A 2001 Drug Threat Assessm
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Alcohol The Samoan Ministry of Heal
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Kava Legislation As with many other
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and American Samoa have agreed to c
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Non-government organisations The Sa
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careers. A 2007 training needs asse
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Demographics The current population
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12.4 Licit drug trends Alcohol Medi
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Non-government organisations A 2007
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13. Timor-Leste Population 1 131 61
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The National Development Plan has i
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13.4 Licit drug trends As with illi
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programs include involvement with l
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national development. The review wi
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14. Tokelau Population 1416 (July 2
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Health and development The main cha
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Interestingly, consumption during c
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Australian non-government organisat
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15. Tonga Population 120 898 (July
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develop a more effective and equita
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In 2003, Tonga introduced heavy pen
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in selection of the workers, avoidi
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Illicit Drugs Control Bill 2002 pro
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The Salvation Army Alcohol and Drug
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The Fiji and Tonga Salvation Army o
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Demographics The population of Tuva
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Cannabis In 2008, police and custom
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Health For the first time in 2009,
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17. Vanuatu Population 218 519 (Jul
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Health and development In the most
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A 2003 report identified limited dr
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household expenditure was VUV645 42
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17.5 Local responses Legislation Hi
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Non-government organisations The Va
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17.8 Gaps analysis Participants at
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Pacific Islands Law Officers’ Net
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Pacific Islands Law Officers’ Net
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Other areas • Understanding contr
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Convention against Illicit Traffic
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Convention against Illicit Traffic
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SPARTECA 1981 MSG BTA FTA December
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SPARTECA 1981 MSG BTA FTA R Nov 198
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SPARTECA 1981 MSG BTA FTA S Jul 198
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Australian World Vision Oxfam Save
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Alcohol Customs (Miscellaneous) Ame
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Alcohol Liquor Act 1975; Liquor Ame
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Alcohol Alcoholic Drink Act 1984 [C
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Notes: Based on current publicly av
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Blignault, I., Bunde-Birouste, A.,
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Federated States of Micronesia Divi
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Kuschel, R.T., Angikinui, F.T. & An
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Pacific Regional HIV/AIDS Project (
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South Pacific Forum, Forum Communiq
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Media reports and websites £30m wo
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Fiji’s HIV situation, Fiji Daily
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O’Connor, Patrick, (2009), Moti d
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Timor-Leste country review (2008) i
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