Dirac Fermions in Graphene and Graphite—a view from angle ...

List of Figures
1.1 (a) Sp 2 bonding and the resulting carbon allotropes from 0D to 3D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Unit cell of graphene in the real space (a) and reciprocal space (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 The band structure of graphene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 The band structure of graphene and the schematic cartoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Schematic drawing of the dispersions near E F for massless Dirac fermions (a) and massive
quasiparticles in conventional condensed matter systems (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Brillouin zone and electronic structure of bulk graphite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 (a) Schematics of ARPRES experiments (courtesy of J. Fink) and (b) typical ARPES data
from graphite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Spectral function for noninteracting (left panel) and interacting (right panel) systems, from
Damascelli et al 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Typical two dimensional ARPES data and the analysis of EDCs and MDCs. . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 The universal inelastic mean free path of electrons with kinetic energy from 2 to 2000eV, from
Hüfner 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5 The improvement of the ARPES resolution in the past three decades, from Reinert et al 30 . . 19
2.6 The setup of the 6.994 eV laser and the demonstrated energy resolution of 0.36 eV, from Kiss
et al 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.1 (a-d) LEED patterns with a primary energy of 180eV, obtained at four different stages during
the growth of sample A. (a) 1×1 spots of SiC, after a 5 min anneal around 1000 ◦ C followed
by the initial cleaning procedure under Si flux. (b) ( √ 3 × √ 3)R30 reconstruction, after 5
min around 1100 ◦ C. (c) (6 √ 3 × 6 √ 3)R30 reconstruction, after 10 min around 1200 ◦ C. (d)
Sharper(6 √ 3×6 √ 3)R30 pattern, after 4 min around 1250 ◦ C. (e) and (f) LEED patterns with
a primary energy of 130eV taken at the same stages as (c) and (d), respectively. In (f), the
appearance of the 1×1 spots of graphite, located slightly farther out from the center relative
to the spots observed at similar positions in (b, c, and e), indicates that a thin graphene
overlayer has been formed in this last step. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 SEM images recorded on the surface of a sample grown in the same conditions as sample A. (a)
Typical region of the surface, showing a pattern with a length scale on the order of hundreds
of nanometers, and a finer pattern with a length scale on the order of 10 nm. (b) Region
marked by a cluster of unidentified structures characterized by six-sided geometry, reflecting
the underlying hexagonal lattice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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