Dirac Fermions in Graphene and Graphiteâa view from angle ...

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Acknowledgements I am very lucky to work with a group of talented and kind people in my Ph.D., from whom I have benefited greatly. All the work presented here would not have been possible without them. First of all, my deepest thanks go to my advisor, Alessandra Lanzara. I am very lucky to have such an inspiring, creative and considerate advisor, who has made my Ph.D. fruitful and enjoyable. Besides the training, encouragement and support that she gave me in science, I also appreciate her willingness to care about students’ life beyond work. The past few years of working with her has been a fortune for me. Her endless enthusiasm for science, her open-mindedness and her wisdom to balance work and life, have set her as a role model for me. I could not ask for better colleagues than the people in Lanzara group. Dr. Gey-Hong Gweon taught me numerous things in my first three years, ranging from experimental skills to different physics topics. I appreciate his mentoring and the efforts that he has put in to make me a good experimentalist. Dr. Kyle McElroy taught me the importance of understanding the physics problems in different perspectives. Jeff Graf, Chris Jozwiak and I joined the group as the first generation graduate students and we shared the longest memories of our Ph.D. lives. Besides intelligent, they are the best colleagues who are always willing to share their knowledge and skills and provide immediate help whenever needed. Daniel Garcia’s talks are the most wonderful sound of the group and I appreciate his help to improve my speech skills, though I have to admit that I am not a fast learner in this aspect. David Siegel reminded me of the early years of my Ph.D. It is a pleasure to see that he has become very good at communications and experiments. The interaction with visitors Dr. Marco Portalupi and Dr. Andreas Bill, as well as undergrads Elizabeth Rollings, Annie Endozo and Max Watson, has also been very pleasant. The collaboration with many theorists has been quite beneficial and pleasant. Dung-Hai Lee is the longest theoretical collaborator. His deep physics insights and his enthusiasm for finding the most beautiful solutions are very inspiring. The collaboration with A.N. Castro Neto, F. Guinea S.G. Louie and C.D. Spataru has been a great pleasure. Alexei Fedorov has collaborated in most of the research work presented here. His assistance in the experiments and his support for trying new experiments is highly appreciated. I am grateful to Andreas Schmid and Farid El Gably for providing extensive help with the LEEM measurements at the most critical time. John Pepper is very talented in machining and I thank him for making modifications to accommodate the needs of some challenging experiments. I thank Prof. P. N. First and Prof. W. A. de Heer for providing the graphene samples at the beginning of this project. I thank Prof. Oscar Dubon and Prof. Michael F. Crommie for serving as my committee members for the qualifying exam. J. T. Robinson and J. W. Beeman have been very nice to help me with substrate treatment. I thank the friendly and helpful people on the ALS floor: X. J. Zhou, W. L. Yang, N. Manella, K. Tanaka, S.-K. Mo, Y.-D. Chuang, J. H. Guo, B. K. Freelon, B. S. Mun. The LBL security people have been very kind to escort me to work and to home in many late nights. My personal interaction with other physicists also helps me greatly. I thank Z. Hussain, Z.-X. Shen, Y.-R. Shen and B.-F. Zhu for being patient to listen to me and give me advice. The encouragement from M. A. H. Vozmediano and N. Berrah is also appreciated. Finally, special thanks to my husband Pu for his encouragement and support throughout all these years. Thanks to my parents for letting me travel a long way from home and visiting me for the last three months of my Ph.D. Thanks to my brother and sister-in-law for having taken good care of my parents, my little nephew for adding a lot of fun to the family. iv
Curriculum Vitæ Shuyun Zhou Education 2007 University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Ph.D., Physics 2005 University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA M.A., Physics 2002 Tsinghua University, Beijing, China B.S., Physics Honors and Awards 2007 ALS Doctoral fellowship, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2007 Chinese Government Award for Outstanding Self-financed Students Abroad 2006 ALS Doctoral fellowship, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2006 UC Berkeley Graduate Division Conference Travel Grant 2005 Scholarship from International School of Physics ‘Enrico Fermi’, Italy Publications Graphene and Graphite: 1 Metal to insulator transition in epitaxial graphene induced by molecular doping. S. Y. Zhou, D. A. Siegel, A. V. Fedorov and A. Lanzara. In preparation. 2 Departure from the conical dispersion in epitaxial graphene. S. Y. Zhou, D. A. Siegel, A. V. Fedorov and A. Lanzara. Physica E, in press (2007). 3 Substrate induced band gap opening in epitaxial graphene. S. Y. Zhou, G.-H. Gweon, A. V. Fedorov, P. N. First, W. A. de Heer, D.-H. Lee, F. Guinea, A. H. Castro Neto and A. Lanzara. Nature Mat. 6, 770 (2007). 4 First direct observation of Dirac fermions in graphite. S.Y. Zhou, G.-H. Gweon, J. Graf, A.V. Fedorov, C.D. Spataru, R.D. Diehl, Y. Kopelevich, D.-H. Lee, S.G. Louie, A. Lanzara. Nature Phys. 2, 595 (2006). 5 Low energy excitations in graphite: the role of dimensionality and lattice defects. S.Y. Zhou, G.-H. Gweon, and A. Lanzara. Ann. Phys. 321, 1730 (2006). 6 Synthesis and characterization of atomically-thin graphite films on a silicon carbide substrate. E. Rollings, G.-H. Gweon, S.Y. Zhou, B.S. Mun, J.L. McChesney, B.S. Hussain, A.V. Fedorov, and A. Lanzara. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67, 2172 (2006). 7 Coexistence of sharp quasiparticle dispersions and disorder features in graphite. S.Y. Zhou, G. -H. Gweon, C. D. Spataru, J. Graf, D.-H. Lee, Steven G. Louie, A. Lanzara. Phys. Rev. B 71, 161403(R) (2005). High T c superconductors: v
Page 1 and 2: Dirac Fermions in Graphene and Grap
Page 3 and 4: Dirac Fermions in Graphene and Grap
Page 5 and 6: Contents Abstract 1 Contents Acknow
Page 7: 7.6 Conclusions and implication of
Page 11 and 12: • Selected as Science Highlight f
Page 13 and 14: The unit cell of graphene contains
Page 15 and 16: Projecting this equation into φ(r
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.5. Schematic drawing of th
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2 Experimental techniques 2
Page 21 and 22: dispersion E(k z ). Thus k z values
Page 23 and 24: where ɛ is infinitely small. Accor
Page 25 and 26: Langmuirs (1L=10 −6 torr·s) to c
Page 27 and 28: mean free path, E kin is the kineti
Page 29 and 30: a b c d e f graphite SiC f graphite
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.3. XPS results showing dat
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.5. Intensity map at -1 eV
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 4 Gap opening in epitaxial
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4.2. Observation of the gap
Page 39 and 40: the EDCs as well as the region of e
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4.7. Dispersions measured in
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4.9. (a-c) LEEM images taken
Page 45 and 46: Figure 4.10. Proposed mechanism for
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 5 Metal-insulator transitio
Page 49 and 50: Figure 5.2. (a) Dispersions through
Page 51 and 52: Figure 5.3. (a-f) Data taken throug
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 6 Dirac fermions and effect
Page 55 and 56: Figure 6.2. Linear Λ-shaped disper
Page 57 and 58: Figure 6.4. Detailed low energy dis
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 6.6. Detailed dispersion nea
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 7 ARPES study of partially
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 7.2. (a) Fermi energy intens
Page 65 and 66:
direction, i.e. perpendicular to gr
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 7.5. ARPES intensity map mea
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 7.7. (a) ARPES intensity map
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 7.9. (a) ARPES intensity map
Page 73 and 74:
19. Hüfner, S. Photoelectron Spect
Page 75 and 76:
59. Jiang, Y. J., Yao, D.-Y., Carls
Page 77 and 78:
99. Luk’yanchuk, I. A. & Kopelevi
Page 79 and 80:
List of Figures 1.1 (a) Sp 2 bondin
Page 81 and 82:
4.8 Thickness dependence of E D and
Page 83 and 84:
7.2 (a) Fermi energy intensity map.
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