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CHAPTER 13 ■ DATABASE SUPPORT 289 Table 13-5. Cursor Object Methods Name callproc(name[, params]) close() execute(oper[, params]) executemany(oper, pseq) fetchone() fetchmany([size]) fetchall() nextset() setinputsizes(sizes) setoutputsize(size[, col]) Description Call a named database procedure with given name and params (optional). Close the cursor. Cursor is now unusable. Execute an SQL operation, possibly with parameters. Execute an SQL operation for each param set in a sequence. Fetch the next row of a query result set as a sequence, or None. Fetch several rows of a query result set. Default size is arraysize. Fetch all (remaining) rows as a sequence of sequences. Skip to the next available result set (optional). Used to predefine memory areas for parameters. Set a buffer size for fetching big data values. Table 13-6. Cursor Object Attributes Name Description description Sequence of result column descriptions. Read-only. rowcount The number of rows in the result. Read-only. arraysize How many rows to return in fetchmany. Default is 1. Some of these methods will be explained in more detail in the upcoming text, while some (such as setinputsizes and setoutputsizes) will not be discussed. Please consult the PEP for more details. Types In order to interoperate properly with the underlying SQL databases, which may place various requirements on the values inserted into columns of certain types, the DB API defines certain constructors and constants (singletons) used for special types and values. For example, if you want to add a date to a database, it should be constructed with (for example) the Date constructor of the corresponding database connectivity module. That allows the connectivity module to perform any necessary transformations behind the scenes. Each module is required to implement the constructors and special values shown in Table 13-7.
290 CHAPTER 13 ■ DATABASE SUPPORT Table 13-7. DB API Constructors and Special Values Name Date(year, month, day) Time(hour, minute, second) Timestamp(y, mon, d, h, min, s) DateFromTicks(ticks) TimeFromTicks(ticks) TimestampFromTicks(ticks) Binary(string) STRING BINARY NUMBER DATETIME ROWID Description Creates an object holding a date value Creates an object holding a time value Creates an object holding a timestamp value Creates an object holding a date value from ticks since epoch Creates an object holding a time value from ticks Creates an object holding a timestamp value from ticks Creates an object holding a binary string value Describes string-based column types (such as CHAR) Describes binary columns (such as LONG or RAW) Describes numeric columns Describes date/time columns Describes row ID columns Downloading and Installing pysqlite As mentioned previously, there are many SQL database engines available, with corresponding Python modules. Most of these database engines are meant to be run as server programs, and require administrator privileges even to install them. In order to lower the threshold for playing around with the Python DB API, I’ve chosen to use a tiny database engine called SQLite, which doesn’t have to be run as a standalone server, and which can work directly on local files, instead of with some centralized database storage mechanism. You can download pysqlite from the official Web page, http://pysqlite.org. For Linux systems with package manager systems, chances are you can get pysqlite and SQLite directly from the package manager. The Windows binaries for pysqlite actually include the database engine itself (that is, SQLite), so all you have to do is to download the pysqlite installer corresponding to your Python version, run it, and you’re all set. If you’re not using Windows, and your operating system does not have a package manager where you can find pysqlite and SQLite, you have to get the source packages for pysqlite and SQLite and compile them yourself. You can get the sources for SQLite from the SQLite Web page, http://sqlite.org. (Make sure you get one of the source packages where automatic code generation has already been performed.) Compiling SQLite is basically a matter of following the instructions in the included README file. When subsequently compiling pysqlite, you need to make sure that the compilation process can access the SQLite libraries and include files. If you’ve installed SQLite in some standard location, it may well be that the setup script in the SQLite distribution can find it on its own. In that case, you simply need to execute the following commands:
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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