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CHAPTER 2 ■ LISTS AND TUPLES 33 Indexing All elements in a sequence are numbered—from zero and upwards. You can access them individually with a number, like this: >>> greeting = 'Hello' >>> greeting[0] 'H' ■Note A string is just a sequence of characters. The index 0 refers to the first element, in this case the letter H. This is called indexing—you use an index to fetch an element. All sequences can be indexed in this way. When you use a negative index, Python counts from the right, that is, from the last element. The last element is at position –1 (not –0, as that would be the same as the first element): >>> greeting[-1] 'o' String literals (and other sequence literals, for that matter) may be indexed directly, without using a variable to refer to them. The effect is exactly the same: >>> 'Hello'[1] 'e' If a function call returns a sequence, you can index it directly. For instance, if you are simply interested in the fourth digit in a year entered by the user, you could do something like this: >>> fourth = raw_input('Year: ')[3] Year: 2005 >>> fourth '5' Example Listing 2-1 contains an example program that asks you for a year, a month (as a number from 1 to 12), and a day (1 to 31), and then prints out the date with the proper month name and so on. An example session with this program might be as follows: Year: 1974 Month (1-12): 8 Day (1-31): 16 August 16th, 1974 The last line is the output from the program.
34 CHAPTER 2 ■ LISTS AND TUPLES Listing 2-1. Indexing Example # Print out a date, given year, month, and day as numbers months = [ 'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December' ] # A list with one ending for each number from 1 to 31 endings = ['st', 'nd', 'rd'] + 17 * ['th'] \ + ['st', 'nd', 'rd'] + 7 * ['th'] \ + ['st'] year month day = raw_input('Year: ') = raw_input('Month (1-12): ') = raw_input('Day (1-31): ') month_number = int(month) day_number = int(day) # Remember to subtract 1 from month and day to get a correct index month_name = months[month_number-1] ordinal = day + endings[day_number-1] print month_name + ' ' + ordinal + ', ' + year Slicing Just as you use indexing to access individual elements, you can use slicing to access ranges of elements. You do this by using two indices, separated by a colon: >>> tag = 'Python web site' >>> tag[9:30] 'http://www.python.org' >>> tag[32:-4] 'Python web site'
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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viii ■CONTENTS Strings . . . . .
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256 CHAPTER 11 ■ FILES AND STUFF
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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