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CHAPTER 14 ■ NETWORK PROGRAMMING 311 class SimpleLogger(LineReceiver): def connectionMade(self): print 'Got connection from', self.transport.client def connectionLost(self, reason): print self.transport.client, 'disconnected' def lineReceived(self, line): print line factory = Factory() factory.protocol = SimpleLogger reactor.listenTCP(1234, factory) reactor.run() There is a lot more to the Twisted framework than what I’ve shown you here. If you’re interested in learning more, you should check out the online documentation, available at the Twisted Web site (http://twistedmatrix.com). A Quick Summary This chapter has given you a taste of several approaches to network programming in Python. Which approach you choose will depend on your specific needs and preferences. Once you’ve chosen, you will, most likely, need to learn more about the specific method than I can explain in this chapter. Here are some of the topics this chapter touched upon: Sockets and the socket module. Sockets are information channels that let programs (processes) communicate, possibly across a network. The socket module gives you lowlevel access to both client and server sockets. Server sockets listen at a given address for client connections, while clients simply connect directly. urllib and urllib2. These modules let you read and download data from various servers, given a URL to the data source. The urllib module is a simpler implementation, while urllib2 is very extensible and quite powerful. Both work through straightforward functions such as urlopen. The SocketServer framework. This is a network of synchronous server base classes, found in the standard library, which lets you write servers quite easily. There is even support for simple Web (HTTP) servers with CGI. If you want to handle several connections simultaneously, you need to use a forking or threading mix-in class. select and poll. These two functions let you consider a set of connections and find out which ones are ready for reading and writing. This means that you can serve several connections piecemeal, in a round-robin fashion. This gives the illusion of handling several connections at the same time, and, although superficially a bit more complicated to code, is a much more scalable and efficient solution than threading or forking.
312 CHAPTER 14 ■ NETWORK PROGRAMMING Twisted. This framework, from Twisted Matrix Laboratories, is very rich and complex, with support for most major network protocols. Even though it is large, and some of the idioms used may seem a bit foreign, basic usage is very simple and intuitive. The Twisted framework is also asynchronous, so it’s very efficient and scalable. If you have Twisted available, it may very well be the best choice for many custom network applications. New Functions in This Chapter Function urllib.urlopen(url[, data[, proxies]]) urllib.urlretrieve(url[, fname[, hook[, data]]]) urllib.quote(string[, safe]) Description Opens a file-like object from a URL Downloads a file from a URL Quotes special URL characters urllib.quote_plus(string[, safe]) The same, but quotes space as + urllib.unquote(string) urllib.unquote_plus(string) urllib.urlencode(query[, doseq]) select.select(iseq, oseq, eseq[, timeout]) select.poll() reactor.listenTCP(port, factory) reactor.run() The reverse of quote The reverse of quote_plus Encodes mapping for use in CGI queries Finds sockets ready for reading/writing Creates a poll object, for polling sockets Twisted function; listens for connections Twisted function; main server loop What Now? You thought we were finished with network stuff now, huh? Not a chance. The next chapter deals with a quite specialized and much-publicized entity in the world of networking: the Web.
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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About the Technical Reviewer ■JER
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Introduction A C program is like a
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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