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CHAPTER 3 ■ WORKING WITH STRINGS 55 If the replacement field is part of a word, the name must be enclosed in braces, in order to make it clear where it ends: >>> s = Template("It's ${x}tastic!") >>> s.substitute(x='slurm') "It's slurmtastic!" In order to insert a dollar sign, use $$: >>> s = Template("Make $$ selling $x!") >>> s.substitute(x='slurm') 'Make $ selling slurm!' Instead of using keyword arguments, you can supply the value-name pairs in a dictionary (see Chapter 4): >>> s = Template('A $thing must never $action.') >>> d = {} >>> d['thing'] = 'gentleman' >>> d['action'] = 'show his socks' >>> s.substitute(d) 'A gentleman must never show his socks.' There is also a method called safe_substitute that will not complain about missing values or incorrect uses of the $ character. See Section 4.1.2, “Template strings,” of the Python Library Reference (http:// python.org/doc/lib/node108.html). String Formatting: The Long Version The right operand of the formatting operator may be anything; if it is either a tuple or a mapping (like a dictionary), it is given special treatment. We haven’t looked at mappings (such as dictionaries) yet, so let’s focus on tuples here. We’ll use mappings in formatting in Chapter 4, where they’re discussed in greater detail. If the right operand is a tuple, each of its elements is formatted separately, and you need a conversion specifier for each of the values. ■Note If you write the tuple to be converted as part of the conversion expression, you must enclose it in parentheses to avoid confusing Python: >>> '%s plus %s equals %s' % (1, 1, 2) '1 plus 1 equals 2' >>> '%s plus %s equals %s' % 1, 1, 2 # Lacks parentheses! Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? TypeError: not enough arguments for format string
56 CHAPTER 3 ■ WORKING WITH STRINGS In the material that follows, I walk you through the various parts of the conversion specifier. For a summary, see the sidebar “Conversion Specifier Anatomy.” CONVERSION SPECIFIER ANATOMY A basic conversion specifier (as opposed to a full conversion specifier, which may contain a mapping key as well; see Chapter 4 for more information) consists of the items that follow. Note here that the order is crucial. • The % character. This marks the beginning of the conversion specifier. • Conversion flags (optional). These may be either -, indicating left alignment; +, indicating that a sign should precede the converted value; “ ” (a space character), indicating that a space should precede positive numbers; or 0, indicating that the conversion should be zero-padded. • The minimum field width (optional). The converted string will be at least this wide. If this is an * (asterisk), the width will be read from the value tuple. • A . (dot) followed by the precision (optional). If a real number is converted, this many decimals should be shown. If a string is converted, this number is that maximum field width. If this is an * (asterisk), the precision will be read from the value tuple. • The conversion type (see Table 3-1). Simple Conversion The simple conversion, with only a conversion type, is really easy to use: >>> 'Price of eggs: $%d' % 42 'Price of eggs: $42' >>> 'Hexadecimal price of eggs: %x' % 42 'Hexadecimal price of eggs: 2a' >>> from math import pi >>> 'Pi: %f...' % pi 'Pi: 3.141593...' >>> 'Very inexact estimate of pi: %i' % pi 'Very inexact estimate of pi: 3' >>> 'Using str: %s' % 42L 'Using str: 42' >>> 'Using repr: %r' % 42L 'Using repr: 42L' For a list of all conversion types, see Table 3-1.
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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viii ■CONTENTS Strings . . . . .
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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