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CHAPTER 18 ■ PACKAGING YOUR PROGRAMS 375 running build running build_py creating build creating build/lib copying hello.py -> build/lib What has happened is that Distutils has created a subdirectory called build, with yet another subdirectory named lib, and placed a copy of hello.py in build/lib. The build subdirectory is a sort of working area where Distutils assembles a package (and compiles extension libraries, for example). You don’t really need to run the build command when installing—it will be run automatically, if needed, when you run the install command. Speaking of which . . . let’s try to install the module: python setup.py install ■Caution This will copy the hello.py module to some system-specific directory in your PYTHONPATH. This should not pose a risk, but if you don’t want to clutter up your system, you might want to remove it afterward; make a note of the specific location where it is placed, as output by setup.py. At the time of writing, there is no standard uninstall command, so you’ll have to uninstall the module by hand. Now you should see something like the following: running install running build running build_py running install_lib copying build/lib/hello.py -> /path/to/python/lib/python2.4/site-packages byte-compiling /path/to/python/lib/python2.4/site-packages/hello.py to hello.pyc ■Note If you’re running a version of Python that you didn’t install yourself, and don’t have the proper privileges, you may not be allowed to install the module as shown, because you don’t have write permissions to the right directory. This is the standard mechanism used to install Python modules, packages, and extensions. All you have to do is provide the little setup script.
376 CHAPTER 18 ■ PACKAGING YOUR PROGRAMS In the example script, I have only used the Distutils directive py_modules; if you want to install entire packages, you can use the directive packages in an equivalent manner (just list the package names). There are many other options you can set (some of which are covered in the section “Compiling Extensions,” later in this chapter). You can also create configuration files for Distutils to set various properties (see the section “Distutils Configuration Files” in “Installing Python Modules,” http://python.org/doc/inst/config-syntax.html). The various ways of providing options (command-line switches, keyword arguments to setup, and Distutils configuration files) let you specify such things as what to install and where to install it. The nice thing is that these options can be used for more than one thing. The following section shows you how to wrap the modules you specified for installation as an archive file, ready for distribution. Wrapping Things Up Once you’ve written a setup.py script that will let the user install your modules, you can use it yourself, to build an archive file. You do this with the sdist (for “source distribution”) command: python setup.py sdist If you run this, you will probably get quite a bit of output, including some warnings. The warnings I get include a complaint about a missing author_email option, a missing MANIFEST.in file, and a missing README file. We can safely ignore all of these (although feel free to add an author_email option to your setup.py script, similar to the author option, and a README or README.txt text file and an empty file called MANIFEST.in in the current directory). WHAT’S MANIFEST.in? When you create a source distribution, a file called MANIFEST is created, containing a list of all your files. The MANIFEST.in file is a template for the manifest, and is used when figuring out what to install. You can include lines like include somedirectory/somefile.txt or include somedirectory/* to specify files that you want to have included, if Distutils hasn’t figured it out by itself, using your setup.py script (and default includes, such as README). After the warnings you should see output like the following:
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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