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CHAPTER 16 ■ TESTING, 1-2-3 345 def square(x): ''' Squares a number and returns the result. >>> square(2) 4 >>> square(3) 9 ''' return x*x As you can see, I’ve included some text in the docstring, too. What does this have to do with testing? Let’s say the square function is defined in the module my_math (that is, a file called my_math.py). Then you could add the following code at the bottom: if __name__=='__main__': import doctest, my_math doctest.testmod(my_math) That’s not a lot, is it? You simply import doctest and the my_math module itself, and then run the testmod (for “test module”) function from doctest. What does this do? Let’s try it: $ python my_math.py $ Nothing seems to have happened, but that’s a good thing. The doctest.testmod function reads all the docstrings of a module and seeks out any text that looks like an example from the interactive interpreter; then it checks whether the example represents reality. ■Note If I were writing a real function here, I would (or should, according to the rules I laid down earlier) first write the docstring, run the script with doctest to see the test fail, add a dummy version (for example using if-statements to deal with the specific inputs in the docstring) so that the test succeeds, and then start working on getting the implementation right. On the other hand, if you’re going to do full-out “test-first, codelater” programming, the unittest framework (discussed later) might suit your needs better. To get some more input, you can just give the –v switch (for verbose) to your script: $ python my_math.py -v This command would result in the following output: Running my_math.__doc__ 0 of 0 examples failed in my_math.__doc__ Running my_math.square.__doc__ Trying: square(2) Expecting: 4 ok
346 CHAPTER 16 ■ TESTING, 1-2-3 Trying: square(3) Expecting: 9 ok 0 of 2 examples failed in my_math.square.__doc__ 1 items had no tests: test 1 items passed all tests: 2 tests in my_math.square 2 tests in 2 items. 2 passed and 0 failed. Test passed. As you can see, a lot happened behind the scenes. The testmod function checks both the module docstring (which, as you can see, contains no tests) and the function docstring (which contains two tests, both of which succeed). With this in place, you can safely change your code. Let’s say that you want to use the Python exponentiation operator instead of plain multiplication, and use x**2 instead of x*x. You edit the code, but accidentally forget to enter the number 2, and end up with x**x. Try it, and then run the script to test the code. What happens? This is the output you get: ***************************************************************** Failure in example: square(3) from line #5 of my_math.square Expected: 9 Got: 27 ***************************************************************** 1 items had failures: 1 of 2 in my_math.square ***Test Failed*** 1 failures. So the bug was caught, and you get a very clear description of what is wrong. Fixing the problem shouldn’t be difficult now. ■Caution Don’t trust your tests blindly, and be sure to test enough cases. As you can see, the test using square(2) does not catch the bug because for x==2, x**2 and x**x are the same thing! For more information about the doctest module, you should again check out the library reference (http://python.org/doc/lib/module-doctest.html).
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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For Ranveig
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■CHAPTER 23 Project 4: In the New
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viii ■CONTENTS Strings . . . . .
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About the Technical Reviewer ■JER
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Introduction A C program is like a
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140 CHAPTER 7 ■ MORE ABSTRACTION
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CHAPTER 9 ■ MAGIC METHODS, PROPER
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256 CHAPTER 11 ■ FILES AND STUFF
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572 APPENDIX C ■ ONLINE RESOURCES
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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■INDEX 595 Python C API 365 hand-
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