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CHAPTER 3 ■ WORKING WITH STRINGS 57 Table 3-1. String Formatting Conversion Types Conversion Type Meaning d, i Signed integer decimal o Unsigned octal u Unsigned decimal x Unsigned hexadecimal (lowercase) X Unsigned hexadecimal (uppercase) e Floating point exponential format (lowercase) E Floating point exponential format (uppercase) f, F Floating point decimal format g Same as e if exponent is greater than –4 or less than precision, f otherwise G Same as E if exponent is greater than –4 or less than precision, F otherwise c Single character (accepts integer or single character string) r String (converts any Python object using repr) Width and Precision A conversion specifier may include a field width and a precision. The width is the minimum number of characters reserved for a formatted value, while the precision is (for a numeric conversion) the number of decimals that will be included in the result, or (for a string conversion) the maximum number of characters the formatted value may have. These two parameters are supplied as two integer numbers (width first, then precision), separated by a . (dot). Both are optional, but if you want to supply only the precision, you must also include the dot: >>> '%10f' % pi # Field width 10 ' 3.141593' >>> '%10.2f' % pi # Field width 10, precision 2 ' 3.14' >>> '%.2f' % pi # Precision 2 '3.14' >>> '%.5s' % 'Guido van Rossum' 'Guido' You can use an * (asterisk) as the width or precision (or both), in which case the number will be read from the tuple argument: >>> '%.*s' % (5, 'Guido van Rossum') 'Guido'
58 CHAPTER 3 ■ WORKING WITH STRINGS Signs, Alignment, and Zero-Padding Before the width and precision numbers, you may put a “flag,” which may be either zero, plus, minus, or blank. A zero means that the number will be zero-padded: >>> '%010.2f' % pi '0000003.14' It’s important to note here that the leading zero in 010 in the preceding code does not mean that the width specifier is an octal number, as it would in a normal Python number. When you use 010 as the width specifier, it means that the width should be 10 and that the number should be zero-padded, not that the width should be 8: >>> 010 8 A minus sign (-) left-aligns the value: >>> '%-10.2f' % pi '3.14 ' As you can see, any extra space is put on the right-hand side of the number. A blank (“ ”) means that a blank should be put in front of positive numbers. This may be useful for aligning positive and negative numbers: >>> print ('% 5d' % 10) + '\n' + ('% 5d' % -10) 10 -10 Finally, a plus (+) means that a sign (either plus or minus) should precede both positive and negative numbers (again, useful for aligning): >>> print ('%+5d' % 10) + '\n' + ('%+5d' % -10) +10 -10 In the following example, I use the asterisk width specifier to format a table of fruit prices, where the user enters the total width of the table. Because this information is supplied by the user, I can’t hard-code the field widths in my conversion specifiers; by using the asterisk, I can have the field width read from the converted tuple. The source code is given in Listing 3-1. Listing 3-1. String Formatting Example # Print a formatted price list with a given width width = input('Please enter width: ')
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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For Ranveig
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■CHAPTER 23 Project 4: In the New
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viii ■CONTENTS Strings . . . . .
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x ■CONTENTS ■CHAPTER 5 Conditio
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xxii ■CONTENTS Preparations . . .
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About the Technical Reviewer ■JER
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Introduction A C program is like a
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140 CHAPTER 7 ■ MORE ABSTRACTION
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256 CHAPTER 11 ■ FILES AND STUFF
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270 CHAPTER 12 ■ GRAPHICAL USER I
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298 CHAPTER 14 ■ NETWORK PROGRAMM
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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■INDEX 595 Python C API 365 hand-
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