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CHAPTER 22 ■ ■ ■ Project 3: XML for All Occasions I mentioned XML briefly in Project 1—now it’s time to examine it in more detail. In this project, you see how XML can be used to represent many kinds of data, and how XML files can be processed with the Simple API for XML, or SAX. The goal of this project is to generate a full Web site from a single XML file that describes the various Web pages and directories. INSTANT XML In this chapter, I assume that you know what XML is and how to write it. If you know some HTML, you’re already familiar with the basics. XML isn’t really a specific language (such as HTML); it’s more like a set of rules that define a class of languages. Basically, you still write tags the same way as in HTML, but in XML you can invent tag names yourself. Such specific sets of tag names and their structural relationships can be described in Document Type Definitions or XML Schema—I won’t be discussing those here. For a concise description of what XML is, see the World Wide Web Consortium’s “XML in 10 points” (http://www.w3.org/XML/1999/XML-in-10-points). A more thorough tutorial can be found on the W3Schools Web site (http://www.w3schools.com/xml). For more information about SAX, see the official SAX Web site (http://www.saxproject.org). What’s the Problem? The general problem we’ll be attacking in this project is to parse (read and process) XML files. Because you can use XML to represent practically anything, and you can do whatever you want with the data when you parse it, the applications are boundless (as the title of this chapter indicates). 421
422 CHAPTER 22 ■ PROJECT 3: XML FOR ALL OCCASIONS ANYTHING, YOU SAY? You may be skeptical about what you can really represent with XML. Well, let me give you some examples: XML can be used to mark up text for ordinary document processing—for example, in the form of XHTML (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1) or DocBook XML (http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml); it can be used to represent music (http://musicxml.org), human moods, emotions, and character traits (http://humanmarkup.org), or to describe any physical object (http://xml.coverpages.org/ pml-ons.html). In Chapter 27, you’ll see how it can be used to call Python methods across a network. A sampling of existing applications of XML may be found on the XML Cover Pages (http:// xml.coverpages.org/xml.html#applications) or at CBEL (http://www.cbel.com/ xml_markup_languages). The specific problem tackled in this chapter is to generate a complete Web site from a single XML file that contains the structure of the site and the basic contents of each page. Before you proceed with this project, I suggest that you take a few moments to read a bit about XML and to check out the things it’s used for. That might give you a better understanding of when it might be a useful file format—and when it would just be overkill. (After all, plain text files can be just fine when they’re all you need.) Specific Goals Our specific goals are as follows: • The entire Web site should be described by a single XML file, which should include information about individual Web pages and directories. • Your program should create the directories and Web pages as needed. • It should be easy to change the general design of the entire Web site and regenerate all the pages with the new design. This last point is perhaps enough to make it all worthwhile. But there are other benefits. By placing all your contents in a single XML file, you could easily write other programs that use the same XML processing techniques to extract various kinds of information, such as tables of contents, indices for custom search engines, and so on. And even if you don’t use this for your Web site, you could use it to create HTML-based slide shows (or, by using something like ReportLab, you could even create PDF slide shows). Useful Tools Python has some built-in XML support, but you may have to install some extras yourself. In this project you’ll need a functioning SAX parser. To see if you have a usable SAX parser, try to execute the following: >>> from xml.sax import make_parser >>> parser = make_parser()
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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For Ranveig
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■CHAPTER 23 Project 4: In the New
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viii ■CONTENTS Strings . . . . .
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xxii ■CONTENTS Preparations . . .
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About the Technical Reviewer ■JER
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Introduction A C program is like a
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110 CHAPTER 6 ■ ABSTRACTION But w
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140 CHAPTER 7 ■ MORE ABSTRACTION
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CHAPTER 9 ■ MAGIC METHODS, PROPER
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256 CHAPTER 11 ■ FILES AND STUFF
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270 CHAPTER 12 ■ GRAPHICAL USER I
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298 CHAPTER 14 ■ NETWORK PROGRAMM
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572 APPENDIX C ■ ONLINE RESOURCES
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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■INDEX 595 Python C API 365 hand-
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