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CHAPTER 14 ■ NETWORK PROGRAMMING 307 if disconnected: print r.getpeername(), 'disconnected' inputs.remove(r) else: print data The poll method is easier to use than select. When you call poll, you get a poll object. You can then register file descriptors (or objects with a fileno method) with the polling object, using its register method. You can later remove such objects again, using the unregister method. Once you’ve registered some objects (for example, sockets), you can call the poll method (with an optional timeout argument) and get a list (possibly empty) of pairs of the form (fd, event), where fd is the file descriptor and event tells you what happened. It’s a bitmask, meaning that it’s an integer where the individual bits correspond to various events. The various events are constants of the select module, and are explained in Table 14-2. To check whether a given bit is set (that is, if a given event occurred), you use the bitwise and operator (&), like this: if event & select.POLLIN: ... Table 14-2. Polling Event Constants in the select Module Event Name POLLIN POLLPRI POLLOUT POLLERR POLLHUP POLLNVAL Description There is data to read available from the file descriptor. There is urgent data to read from the file descriptor. The file descriptor is ready for data, and will not block if written to. Some error condition is associated with the file descriptor. Hung up. The connection has been lost. Invalid request. The connection is not open. The program in Listing 14-7 is a rewrite of the server from Listing 14-6, now using poll instead of select. Note that I’ve added a map (fdmap) from file descriptors (ints) to socket objects. Listing 14-7. A Simple Server Using poll import socket, select s = socket.socket() host = socket.gethostname() port = 1234 s.bind((host, port)) fdmap = {s.fileno(): s}
308 CHAPTER 14 ■ NETWORK PROGRAMMING s.listen(5) p = select.poll() p.register(s) while True: events = p.poll() for fd, event in events: if fdmap[fd] is s: c, addr = s.accept() print 'Got connection from', addr p.register(c) fdmap[c.fileno()] = c elif event & select.POLLIN: data = fdmap[fd].recv(1024) if not data: # No data -- connection closed print fdmap[fd].getpeername(), 'disconnected' p.unregister(fd) del fdmap[fd] else: print data More Information You can find more information about select and poll in the Python Standard Library Reference (http://python.org/doc/lib/module-select.html). Also, reading the source code of the standard library modules asyncore and asynchat (found in the asyncore.py and asynchat.py files in your Python installation) can be enlightening. Twisted Twisted, from Twisted Matrix Laboratories (http://twistedmatrix.com), is an event-driven networking framework for Python, originally developed for network games but now used by all kinds of network software. In Twisted, you implement event handlers, much like you would in a GUI toolkit (see Chapter 12). In fact, Twisted works quite nicely together with several common GUI toolkits (Tk, GTK, Qt, and wxWidgets). The Twisted documentation may not always be easy to navigate (although it’s continuously improving), but there is much information to be found on the Twisted Matrix Web site, twistedmatrix.com. In this section, I’ll cover some of the basic concepts and show you how to do some relatively simple network programming using Twisted. Once you grasp the basic concepts, you can check out the Twisted documentation to do some more serious network programming. Twisted is a very rich framework and supports, among other things, Web servers and clients, SSH2, SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, AIM, ICQ, IRC, MSN, Jabber, NNTP, DNS, and more! Downloading and Installing Twisted Installing Twisted is quite easy. First, go to the Twisted Matrix Web page (http:// twistedmatrix.com) and, from there, follow the link to the download page. If you’re using Windows, download the Windows installer for your version of Python; if you’re using some
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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Introduction A C program is like a
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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