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Contents About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii About the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix ■CHAPTER 1 Instant Hacking: The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Installing Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Linux and UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Macintosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Other Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Keeping In Touch and Up to Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The Interactive Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Algo . . . What? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Numbers and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Large Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Hexadecimals and Octals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Getting Input from the User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 cmath and Complex Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Back to the _ _future_ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Saving and Executing Your Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Running Your Python Scripts from a Command Prompt . . . . . . . . . 20 Making Your Scripts Behave Like Normal Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 vii
viii ■CONTENTS Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Single-Quoted Strings and Escaping Quotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Concatenating Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 String Representations, str and repr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 input vs. raw_input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Long Strings, Raw Strings, and Unicode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 A Quick Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 New Functions in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 What Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ■CHAPTER 2 Lists and Tuples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Common Sequence Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Slicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Adding Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Multiplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Length, Minimum, and Maximum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Lists: Python’s Workhorse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The list Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Basic List Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 List Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Tuples: Immutable Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The tuple Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Basic Tuple Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 So What’s the Point? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 A Quick Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 New Functions in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 What Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 ■CHAPTER 3 Working with Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Basic String Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 String Formatting: The Short Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 String Formatting: The Long Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Simple Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Width and Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Signs, Alignment, and Zero-Padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
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CHAPTER 4 ■ ■ ■ Dictionaries:
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CHAPTER 4 ■ DICTIONARIES: WHEN IN
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110 CHAPTER 6 ■ ABSTRACTION But w
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114 CHAPTER 6 ■ ABSTRACTION Can I
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134 CHAPTER 6 ■ ABSTRACTION LAMBD
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140 CHAPTER 7 ■ MORE ABSTRACTION
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164 CHAPTER 8 ■ EXCEPTIONS More T
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166 CHAPTER 8 ■ EXCEPTIONS try: x
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168 CHAPTER 8 ■ EXCEPTIONS Invali
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170 CHAPTER 8 ■ EXCEPTIONS If you
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CHAPTER 9 ■ ■ ■ Magic Methods
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CHAPTER 9 ■ MAGIC METHODS, PROPER
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256 CHAPTER 11 ■ FILES AND STUFF
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270 CHAPTER 12 ■ GRAPHICAL USER I
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CHAPTER 18 ■ ■ ■ Packaging Yo
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CHAPTER 18 ■ PACKAGING YOUR PROGR
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CHAPTER 19 ■ PLAYFUL PROGRAMMING
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392 CHAPTER 20 ■ PROJECT 1: INSTA
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CHAPTER 22 ■ PROJECT 3: XML FOR A
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CHAPTER 29 ■ PROJECT 10: DO-IT-YO
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APPENDIX A ■ ■ ■ The Short Ve
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APPENDIX A ■ THE SHORT VERSION 54
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558 APPENDIX B ■ PYTHON REFERENCE
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572 APPENDIX C ■ ONLINE RESOURCES
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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■INDEX 577 assertEqual method Tes
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■INDEX 579 cmd module 252, 501 Cm
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■INDEX 581 get method 74-75 has_k
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■INDEX 583 ■F Factory class twi
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■INDEX 585 finding conflicts 197
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■INDEX 587 initialization 38 nami
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■INDEX 589 localtime function tim
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■INDEX 591 nesting blocks 88 Netw
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■INDEX 593 playful programming 38
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■INDEX 595 Python C API 365 hand-
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■INDEX 597 ■S safe_substitute m
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■INDEX 599 split function re modu
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■INDEX 601 TestCase class methods
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■INDEX 603 further exploration 47
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