An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity - always yours

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184 FALLACIES g) All my Facebook friends are also your Facebook friends. Many of your Facebook friends are idiots. Therefore, many of my Facebook friends are idiots. h) People who think that men and women are equally intelligent should remember that most scientists are men. i) People think that the Mona Lisa is beautiful but they do not know why. The answer is that every part of her face is beautiful, especially her smile. j) Hawking is a scientist and an atheist. So it is not the case that no scientist is an atheist. k) I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom and democracy— but that could change. 1) You should vote for me. I believe our children are the future so I am going to make sure there will be more schools and more teachers. Other candidates might say the same thing, but they have no fiscal responsibility, and they are going to end up with runaway budget deficits. I, on the other hand, promise you that no services will be cut, and since our educational system is already most efficient, there will not be extra spending on education. m) Either little Josep or Cinta ate the gelato. But little Josep was asleep the whole afternoon. So it must have been Cinta. 19.3 Some authors classify fallacies into formal and informal ones. Do some research and see if you can explain the distinction. 19.4 E3 If you have time, write down any fallacy that you come across in your daily life. Do this for a while and see if you become better at detecting fallacies.
CHAPTER 20 COGNITIVE BIASES Before we begin our discussion, here are a few warmup exercises. We shall refer to these questions later on. Write down your answers, and perhaps get your friends to answer them as well: 1. Which is more likely in your country: death from lung cancer or traffic accident? 2. Are there more words in English that begin with the letter k than words with k as the third letter? 3. Eritrea is an African country. Do you think its population is above or below 50 million? Estimate its current population. Just guess how many people there might be, even if you do not know the country well. 4. Do you drive? If so, how would you rate your driving skill? Above average or below average? Which percentile? 5. How would you rate your critical thinking skills? Which percentile would you put yourself? An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity: Think More, Think Better. By Joe Y.F. Lau 185 Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & S
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VIII CONTENTS 9 Valid and sound arg
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X PREFACE • This book has a compa
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2 INTRODUCTION Which is more import
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4 INTRODUCTION knowing the rules of
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6 INTRODUCTION 1. The first questio
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8 INTRODUCTION • Open-mindedness:
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12 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY Con
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14 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY own
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16 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY •
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18 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY Tip
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20 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY g)
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22 DEFINITIONS • The referent of
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24 DEFINITIONS is too wide because
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26 DEFINITIONS sophisticated sense.
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28 DEFINITIONS 3.5.2 Definition by
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30 DEFINITIONS 3.2 Evaluate these d
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34 NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITI
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42 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS ambiguous. A
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44 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS change of di
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46 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS BILLY : All
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48 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS absolve anyb
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50 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS 5.4 GOBBLEDY
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52 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS c) Our cooki
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54 TRUTH false, but we would never
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56 TRUTH matter of linguistic conve
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58 TRUTH i) If Rebecca is Shannon's
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60 BASIC LOGIC 7.1.1 Consistency A
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62 BASIC LOGIC Q, or equivalently,
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64 BASIC LOGIC "or both", or "but n
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66 BASIC LOGIC • PiffQ. • P whe
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70 IDENTIFYING ARGUMENTS of opinion
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72 IDENTIFYING ARGUMENTS it easier
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76 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS This s
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78 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS genera
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80 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS 9.2.5
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82 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS If P t
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84 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS 9.4 SO
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88 INDUCTIVE REASONING highly confi
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90 INDUCTIVE REASONING elusion give
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92 INDUCTIVE REASONING tive strengt
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96 ARGUMENT MAPPING Every person is
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98 ARGUMENT MAPPING of arguments ex
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100 ARGUMENT MAPPING elusion. Separ
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102 ARGUMENT MAPPING Homosexuality
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104 ARGUMENT MAPPING a) High school
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108 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS ing. It will
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110 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS As an example
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112 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS b) We should
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114 SCIENTIFIC REASONING or perhaps
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116 SCIENTIFIC REASONING crease our
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118 SCIENTIFIC REASONING the planet
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120 SCIENTIFIC REASONING dollars in
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122 SCIENTIFIC REASONING report. Ho
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124 SCIENTIFIC REASONING 13.3 Some
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126 MILLS METHODS 14.1 THE METHOD O
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128 MILLS METHODS 14.3 THE JOINT ME
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130 MILLS METHODS feet is not among
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132 MILLS METHODS d) Situation Cand
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Page 158 and 159: 146 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 17.1
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Page 166 and 167: 154 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 17.4
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Page 172 and 173: 160 THINKING ABOUT VALUES It is the
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Page 186 and 187: 174 FALLACIES One further clarifica
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Page 192 and 193: 180 FALLACIES the question. Murder,
Page 194 and 195: 182 FALLACIES • Non sequitur: Non
Page 198 and 199: 186 COGNITIVE BIASES These question
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Page 208 and 209: 196 ANALOGICAL REASONING a big appe
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Page 214 and 215: 202 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS 22.1
Page 216 and 217: 204 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS So if
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Page 224 and 225: 212 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS EXERC
Page 228 and 229: 216 WHAT IS CREATIVITY? The observa
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Page 232 and 233: 220 WHAT IS CREATIVITY? remedy our
Page 236 and 237: 224 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS made o
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Page 240 and 241: 228 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS orate
Page 242 and 243: 230 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS Ellis
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234 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES any of t
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236 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES SOLUTION
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242 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 1 l.l.h
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244 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 12.1.f T
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246 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 13.4 One
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250 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 17.3.d T
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252 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 19.2.e F
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Bibliography Ackerman, J., Nocera,
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258 BIBLIOGRAPHY McRae, C, Cherin,
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260 BIBLIOGRAPHY Wolf, G. (1996). S
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262 INDEX consequentialist reasonin
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