An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity - always yours

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262 INDEX consequentialist reasoning, 168 consistency, 60 contraries, 60 control experiment, 127 conversational implicature, 12 converse, 65 correlation, 133 creativity, 215, 223 decision, 201 strategic, 203 decision diagrams, 211 decision trees, 211 defeasibility, 90 definition, 21 persuasive, 27 precising, 24 reportive, 22 stipulative, 24 by synonym, 27 circular, 26 genus-differentia, 28 ostensive, 28 denying the antecedent, 79 destructive dilemma, 80 disambiguation, 42 disjunction exclusive, 63 inclusive, 63 divine command theory of morality, 162 entailment, 61 equivocation, 42 extension, 22, 26 fallacy, 173 inappropriate assumption, 175 conjunction, 250 etymological, 29 false dilemma, 176 gambler's, 152 hot hand, 153 inconsistency, 174 insufficiency, 178 irrelevance, 177 naturalistic, 162 write-off, 35 fishbone diagram, 142 flowchart, 143 fourfold path to good thinking, 5 gobbledygook, 50 groupthink, 228 harm principle, 167 hypothetical syllogism, 79 induction, 87 inductive strength, 89 inference to the best explanation, 117 intension, 26 invalidating counterexample, 76 linguistic pitfall, 41 Littlewood's law, 154 logical connective, 63 logical consequence, 61 logical equivalence, 62 logical strength, 61 meaning distortion of, 45 empty, 48 incomplete, 44 literal, 12 Mill's methods, 125 modus ponens, 77, 78 modus tollens, 78 moral absolutism, 164 moral contextualism, 164 moral principle, 166 negation, 64 normativity, 161 novelty effect, 137 placebo effect, 135 population, 145 possibility, 36 premise, 69 probability, 145 Pygmalion effect, 137 random sampling, 147 reductio ad absurdum, 80 regression fallacy, 153 relocation, 47 relative quantity, 149 relativism, 54 moral, 162 right, 168 sample, 145 simplicity, 120 slippery-slope argument, 166 statistics, 145 SWOT analysis, 203 truth, 53 vagueness, 43 weasel word, 45
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Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & S
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VIII CONTENTS 9 Valid and sound arg
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X PREFACE • This book has a compa
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2 INTRODUCTION Which is more import
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4 INTRODUCTION knowing the rules of
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6 INTRODUCTION 1. The first questio
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8 INTRODUCTION • Open-mindedness:
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12 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY Con
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14 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY own
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16 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY •
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18 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY Tip
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20 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY g)
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22 DEFINITIONS • The referent of
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24 DEFINITIONS is too wide because
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26 DEFINITIONS sophisticated sense.
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28 DEFINITIONS 3.5.2 Definition by
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30 DEFINITIONS 3.2 Evaluate these d
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34 NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITI
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42 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS ambiguous. A
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44 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS change of di
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46 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS BILLY : All
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48 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS absolve anyb
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50 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS 5.4 GOBBLEDY
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52 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS c) Our cooki
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54 TRUTH false, but we would never
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56 TRUTH matter of linguistic conve
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58 TRUTH i) If Rebecca is Shannon's
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60 BASIC LOGIC 7.1.1 Consistency A
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62 BASIC LOGIC Q, or equivalently,
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64 BASIC LOGIC "or both", or "but n
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66 BASIC LOGIC • PiffQ. • P whe
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70 IDENTIFYING ARGUMENTS of opinion
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72 IDENTIFYING ARGUMENTS it easier
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76 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS This s
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78 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS genera
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80 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS 9.2.5
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82 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS If P t
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84 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS 9.4 SO
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88 INDUCTIVE REASONING highly confi
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90 INDUCTIVE REASONING elusion give
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92 INDUCTIVE REASONING tive strengt
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96 ARGUMENT MAPPING Every person is
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98 ARGUMENT MAPPING of arguments ex
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100 ARGUMENT MAPPING elusion. Separ
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102 ARGUMENT MAPPING Homosexuality
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104 ARGUMENT MAPPING a) High school
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108 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS ing. It will
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110 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS As an example
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112 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS b) We should
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114 SCIENTIFIC REASONING or perhaps
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116 SCIENTIFIC REASONING crease our
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118 SCIENTIFIC REASONING the planet
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120 SCIENTIFIC REASONING dollars in
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122 SCIENTIFIC REASONING report. Ho
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124 SCIENTIFIC REASONING 13.3 Some
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126 MILLS METHODS 14.1 THE METHOD O
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128 MILLS METHODS 14.3 THE JOINT ME
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130 MILLS METHODS feet is not among
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132 MILLS METHODS d) Situation Cand
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134 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION Simil
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136 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION suffe
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138 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION immor
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140 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION i) Te
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142 DIAGRAMS OF CAUSAL PROCESSES an
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144 DIAGRAMS OF CAUSAL PROCESSES co
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146 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 17.1
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148 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY •
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150 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY A mi
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152 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY On t
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154 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 17.4
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156 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 4,12
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160 THINKING ABOUT VALUES It is the
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162 THINKING ABOUT VALUES Once thes
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164 THINKING ABOUT VALUES is flat o
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166 THINKING ABOUT VALUES will be c
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168 THINKING ABOUT VALUES Similarly
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170 THINKING ABOUT VALUES 18.2 M Ou
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174 FALLACIES One further clarifica
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176 FALLACIES All circular argument
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178 FALLACIES 19.4.1 Irrelevant res
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180 FALLACIES the question. Murder,
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182 FALLACIES • Non sequitur: Non
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184 FALLACIES g) All my Facebook fr
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186 COGNITIVE BIASES These question
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188 COGNITIVE BIASES • Subjects w
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190 COGNITIVE BIASES more likely to
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192 COGNITIVE BIASES - Avoid framin
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196 ANALOGICAL REASONING a big appe
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198 ANALOGICAL REASONING Furthermor
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202 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS 22.1
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204 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS So if
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206 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS the s
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208 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS succe
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210 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS about
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Page 228 and 229: 216 WHAT IS CREATIVITY? The observa
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Page 268 and 269: Bibliography Ackerman, J., Nocera,
Page 270 and 271: 258 BIBLIOGRAPHY McRae, C, Cherin,
Page 272 and 273: 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY Wolf, G. (1996). S
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