An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity - always yours

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238 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 6 6.1.a The observation that the truth of a sentence depends in part on its meaning does not support relativism. Relativism denies that a sentence is objectively true even afterwe have fixed what it means and says. 6.1.b A difference in opinion does not amount to relativism, as long as some of them are right and those who disagree are wrong. 6.1.C If it is true that we never have direct access to reality (whatever that means) then that is again an objective truth. But objectivity is compatible with the formulation and development of theories being affected by culture and perspectives. It is just that the truth and falsity of a theory should depend on reality and is not a relative matter. 6.2 Only d, f, g and h are statements. 6.3 Analytic: f, i. Empirical: a, b, c, e, g. Value: d, h. SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 7 7.1.a The first and the third statements are equivalent, and they both entail the second statement, but not the other way round. 7.1.b The first statement entails the second one, but not the other way round. 7.1.C These statements are logically independent of each other. You can build a phone designed and launched by others, or you can just design it for another company. Or you can launch a phone built and designed by other people. 7.1.d The second statement entails the first, but the other way round. You fail to stay off the bridge if you run rather than walk across it. 7.1.e The first and third statements are equivalent. 7.1.f The first two are equivalent. 7.1.g Not logically equivalent. 7.1.h Yes. 7.1.1 No. 7.1.j No. It is consistent with the second statement that Ronaldinho is famous for something other than being a soccer player. 7.1 .k No. The second statement says that not everything is impossible. It entails that something is possible, but not that everything is possible, which is what the first sentence says. 7.2.a Can be consistent if new means "recently purchased."
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 239 7.2.b Inconsistent. 7.2.C Consistent. The statements entail that he is not guilty. 7.2.d Inconsistent. If something is known then it must be true. It is the things we think vie know that can be wrong. So we didn't really know them. 7.2.e Inconsistent. 7.2.f Inconsistent. If you think human actions are free, which statement will you reject? 7.3.a Are the motherboards and memory chips also Intel ones? 7.3.b (a) Either I shall visit Sophie and you will visit Sandra, or he will visit Sonia, (b) I shall visit Sophie, and either you will visit Sandra or he will visit Sonia. 7.4.a It is not the case that hang gliding is dangerous. 7.4.b It is not the case that I am afraid. 7.4.C It is not the case that belching is polite. 7.4.d It is not the case that you are Einstein. 7.5.a Inclusive. 7.5.b Exclusive. SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 8 8.1.a A thunderstorm is coming. Therefore, you should stay at home. 8.1.b All Maoists are communists. All communists are Marxists. Therefore, all Maoists are Marxists. 8.1.C You can barely keep your eyes open. Therefore, you should not drive. 8.1.d If he wants to go out with me he would have called. He did not call me. Therefore, he is not interested in me. 8.1.e Not an argument. 8.1.f You might get hit by a car if you jaywalk. The police might fine you if you jaywalk. Therefore, you should not jaywalk. 8.1.g If the solution is acidic, the litmus paper would have turned red. The litmus paper has not turned red. Therefore, the solution is not acidic. 8.2 Something like the following: (Premise 1) Art students do not understand modern art in the beginning. (Premise 2) To understand modern art, one must study art history. (Conclusion) Art students must begin by studying art history. 8.3 The conclusion of the other argument is that there is no simple way to measure whether on balance religion has more positive or negative consequences. But the argument does not spell out explicitly why this conclusion follows. Presumably it is supposed to be obviously true.
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Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & S
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VIII CONTENTS 9 Valid and sound arg
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X PREFACE • This book has a compa
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2 INTRODUCTION Which is more import
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4 INTRODUCTION knowing the rules of
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6 INTRODUCTION 1. The first questio
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8 INTRODUCTION • Open-mindedness:
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12 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY Con
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14 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY own
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16 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY •
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18 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY Tip
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20 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY g)
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22 DEFINITIONS • The referent of
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24 DEFINITIONS is too wide because
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26 DEFINITIONS sophisticated sense.
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28 DEFINITIONS 3.5.2 Definition by
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30 DEFINITIONS 3.2 Evaluate these d
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34 NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITI
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42 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS ambiguous. A
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44 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS change of di
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46 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS BILLY : All
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48 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS absolve anyb
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50 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS 5.4 GOBBLEDY
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52 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS c) Our cooki
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54 TRUTH false, but we would never
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56 TRUTH matter of linguistic conve
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58 TRUTH i) If Rebecca is Shannon's
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60 BASIC LOGIC 7.1.1 Consistency A
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62 BASIC LOGIC Q, or equivalently,
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64 BASIC LOGIC "or both", or "but n
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66 BASIC LOGIC • PiffQ. • P whe
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70 IDENTIFYING ARGUMENTS of opinion
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72 IDENTIFYING ARGUMENTS it easier
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76 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS This s
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78 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS genera
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80 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS 9.2.5
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82 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS If P t
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84 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS 9.4 SO
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88 INDUCTIVE REASONING highly confi
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90 INDUCTIVE REASONING elusion give
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92 INDUCTIVE REASONING tive strengt
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96 ARGUMENT MAPPING Every person is
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98 ARGUMENT MAPPING of arguments ex
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100 ARGUMENT MAPPING elusion. Separ
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102 ARGUMENT MAPPING Homosexuality
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104 ARGUMENT MAPPING a) High school
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108 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS ing. It will
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110 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS As an example
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112 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS b) We should
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114 SCIENTIFIC REASONING or perhaps
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116 SCIENTIFIC REASONING crease our
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118 SCIENTIFIC REASONING the planet
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120 SCIENTIFIC REASONING dollars in
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122 SCIENTIFIC REASONING report. Ho
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124 SCIENTIFIC REASONING 13.3 Some
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126 MILLS METHODS 14.1 THE METHOD O
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128 MILLS METHODS 14.3 THE JOINT ME
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130 MILLS METHODS feet is not among
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132 MILLS METHODS d) Situation Cand
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134 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION Simil
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136 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION suffe
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138 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION immor
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140 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION i) Te
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142 DIAGRAMS OF CAUSAL PROCESSES an
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144 DIAGRAMS OF CAUSAL PROCESSES co
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146 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 17.1
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148 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY •
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150 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY A mi
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152 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY On t
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154 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 17.4
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156 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 4,12
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160 THINKING ABOUT VALUES It is the
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162 THINKING ABOUT VALUES Once thes
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164 THINKING ABOUT VALUES is flat o
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166 THINKING ABOUT VALUES will be c
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168 THINKING ABOUT VALUES Similarly
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170 THINKING ABOUT VALUES 18.2 M Ou
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174 FALLACIES One further clarifica
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176 FALLACIES All circular argument
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178 FALLACIES 19.4.1 Irrelevant res
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180 FALLACIES the question. Murder,
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182 FALLACIES • Non sequitur: Non
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184 FALLACIES g) All my Facebook fr
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186 COGNITIVE BIASES These question
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Page 208 and 209: 196 ANALOGICAL REASONING a big appe
Page 210 and 211: 198 ANALOGICAL REASONING Furthermor
Page 214 and 215: 202 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS 22.1
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Page 224 and 225: 212 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS EXERC
Page 228 and 229: 216 WHAT IS CREATIVITY? The observa
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Page 232 and 233: 220 WHAT IS CREATIVITY? remedy our
Page 236 and 237: 224 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS made o
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Page 240 and 241: 228 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS orate
Page 242 and 243: 230 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS Ellis
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Page 268 and 269: Bibliography Ackerman, J., Nocera,
Page 270 and 271: 258 BIBLIOGRAPHY McRae, C, Cherin,
Page 272 and 273: 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY Wolf, G. (1996). S
Page 274: 262 INDEX consequentialist reasonin
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