An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity - always yours

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66 BASIC LOGIC • PiffQ. • P when and only when Q. • P «— Q (in formal logic) Here is a more technical point that you might skip if you want: P «- Q is not the same as P o Q. If P o Q is true, then P
EXERCISES 67 k) Nothing is impossible. It is not the case that everything is impossible. 7.2 Determine the consistency of each set of statements below. a) John has a new secondhand car. b) All puddings are nice. This dish is a pudding. No nice thing is wholesome. This dish is wholesome. c) If he is guilty, then his DNA will be on this shirt. If he is guilty, then he was not wearing a shirt. If he was not wearing a shirt, then his DNA won't be on this shirt. d) We are fascinated with being wrong. It teaches us about ourselves. Not only are there things we don't know, but the things we do know can be wrong. (Hawking et al., 2003) e) I would never get AIDS. But it somehow happened, and it was only because I was unlucky. f) All events are caused. Human actions are events. Human actions are free actions. No event that is caused is a free action. 7.3 See if these sentences are ambiguous. If so, rewrite them to make explicit the different interpretations. a) Only Intel processors, memory chips, and motherboards will be sold. b) I shall visit Sophie and you will visit Sandra or he will visit Sonia. 7.4 Negation can be expressed in many different ways. Rewrite these sentences into logically equivalent ones that start with "It is not the case that." a) Hang gliding is not dangerous. b) I am unafraid. c) Belching is impolite. d) You aren't Einstein. 7.5 Disjunction connects not just sentences, but often phrases as well. They can also be understood in the exclusive or inclusive sense. See which interpretation is better for the statements below: a) Come to the party if you know the bride or the groom. b) For your next appointment, the doctor will see you on either Tuesday or Wednesday. 7.6 M Here are some famous quotes from the legendary U.S. baseball player Yogi Berra. Why are they funny? a) Baseball is 90 percent mental and the other half is physical. b) Nobody goes there anymore. It's too crowded. c) You can observe a lot by watching.
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Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & S
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VIII CONTENTS 9 Valid and sound arg
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X PREFACE • This book has a compa
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2 INTRODUCTION Which is more import
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4 INTRODUCTION knowing the rules of
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6 INTRODUCTION 1. The first questio
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8 INTRODUCTION • Open-mindedness:
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12 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY Con
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14 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY own
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Page 30 and 31: 18 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY Tip
Page 32 and 33: 20 THINKING AND WRITING CLEARLY g)
Page 34 and 35: 22 DEFINITIONS • The referent of
Page 36 and 37: 24 DEFINITIONS is too wide because
Page 38 and 39: 26 DEFINITIONS sophisticated sense.
Page 40 and 41: 28 DEFINITIONS 3.5.2 Definition by
Page 42 and 43: 30 DEFINITIONS 3.2 Evaluate these d
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Page 46 and 47: 34 NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITI
Page 54 and 55: 42 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS ambiguous. A
Page 56 and 57: 44 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS change of di
Page 58 and 59: 46 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS BILLY : All
Page 60 and 61: 48 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS absolve anyb
Page 62 and 63: 50 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS 5.4 GOBBLEDY
Page 64 and 65: 52 LINGUISTIC PITFALLS c) Our cooki
Page 66 and 67: 54 TRUTH false, but we would never
Page 68 and 69: 56 TRUTH matter of linguistic conve
Page 70 and 71: 58 TRUTH i) If Rebecca is Shannon's
Page 72 and 73: 60 BASIC LOGIC 7.1.1 Consistency A
Page 74 and 75: 62 BASIC LOGIC Q, or equivalently,
Page 76 and 77: 64 BASIC LOGIC "or both", or "but n
Page 82 and 83: 70 IDENTIFYING ARGUMENTS of opinion
Page 84 and 85: 72 IDENTIFYING ARGUMENTS it easier
Page 88 and 89: 76 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS This s
Page 90 and 91: 78 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS genera
Page 92 and 93: 80 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS 9.2.5
Page 94 and 95: 82 VALID AND SOUND ARGUMENTS If P t
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Page 100 and 101: 88 INDUCTIVE REASONING highly confi
Page 102 and 103: 90 INDUCTIVE REASONING elusion give
Page 104 and 105: 92 INDUCTIVE REASONING tive strengt
Page 108 and 109: 96 ARGUMENT MAPPING Every person is
Page 110 and 111: 98 ARGUMENT MAPPING of arguments ex
Page 112 and 113: 100 ARGUMENT MAPPING elusion. Separ
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Page 116 and 117: 104 ARGUMENT MAPPING a) High school
Page 120 and 121: 108 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS ing. It will
Page 122 and 123: 110 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS As an example
Page 124 and 125: 112 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS b) We should
Page 126 and 127: 114 SCIENTIFIC REASONING or perhaps
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116 SCIENTIFIC REASONING crease our
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118 SCIENTIFIC REASONING the planet
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120 SCIENTIFIC REASONING dollars in
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122 SCIENTIFIC REASONING report. Ho
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124 SCIENTIFIC REASONING 13.3 Some
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126 MILLS METHODS 14.1 THE METHOD O
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128 MILLS METHODS 14.3 THE JOINT ME
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130 MILLS METHODS feet is not among
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132 MILLS METHODS d) Situation Cand
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134 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION Simil
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136 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION suffe
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138 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION immor
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140 REASONING ABOUT CAUSATION i) Te
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142 DIAGRAMS OF CAUSAL PROCESSES an
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144 DIAGRAMS OF CAUSAL PROCESSES co
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146 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 17.1
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148 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY •
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150 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY A mi
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152 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY On t
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154 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 17.4
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156 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 4,12
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160 THINKING ABOUT VALUES It is the
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162 THINKING ABOUT VALUES Once thes
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164 THINKING ABOUT VALUES is flat o
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166 THINKING ABOUT VALUES will be c
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168 THINKING ABOUT VALUES Similarly
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170 THINKING ABOUT VALUES 18.2 M Ou
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174 FALLACIES One further clarifica
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176 FALLACIES All circular argument
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178 FALLACIES 19.4.1 Irrelevant res
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180 FALLACIES the question. Murder,
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182 FALLACIES • Non sequitur: Non
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184 FALLACIES g) All my Facebook fr
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186 COGNITIVE BIASES These question
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188 COGNITIVE BIASES • Subjects w
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190 COGNITIVE BIASES more likely to
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192 COGNITIVE BIASES - Avoid framin
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196 ANALOGICAL REASONING a big appe
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198 ANALOGICAL REASONING Furthermor
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202 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS 22.1
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204 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS So if
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206 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS the s
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208 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS succe
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210 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS about
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212 MAKING RATIONAL DECISIONS EXERC
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216 WHAT IS CREATIVITY? The observa
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218 WHAT IS CREATIVITY? Step 1 : Pr
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220 WHAT IS CREATIVITY? remedy our
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224 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS made o
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226 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS materi
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228 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS orate
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230 CREATIVE THINKING HABITS Ellis
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234 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES any of t
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236 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES SOLUTION
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242 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 1 l.l.h
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244 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 12.1.f T
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246 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 13.4 One
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250 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 17.3.d T
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252 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 19.2.e F
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Bibliography Ackerman, J., Nocera,
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258 BIBLIOGRAPHY McRae, C, Cherin,
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260 BIBLIOGRAPHY Wolf, G. (1996). S
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262 INDEX consequentialist reasonin
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