The Ecology of Tijuana Estuary, California: An Estuarine Profile

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CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................ CONVERSION TABLE .................................................................................................................................. FIGURES ................... ............................................................................................................................ TABLES .............................................................................................................................................................. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................ Page ... I I I iv vii ix x CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION -- AN OVERVIEW ......................................................... 1 1 . 1 The International Setting ......................... ...................................................................... 1 . . 1 . 2 Estuary Type Class~flcation ................................................................................................ 1 1 . 3 The Estuarine Habitats .......................................................................................................... 3 1.4 National Significance ............................................................................................... ...... 3 CHAPTER 2 . MAJOR FACTORS THAT HAVE SHAPED THE ESTUARY ........................ 5 2.1 Geologic History ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Mediterranean-type CTimate ............................................................................................ 7 2.3 Land Use History ................... ...................................................................................... 10 2.4 Streamflow History ............................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 3 . ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES AT TIJUANA ESTUARY ........................... 17 3.1 Physiographic Diversity ..................... ............................................................................ 3.2 Transition from Upland to Wetland ................................................................................. 3.3 Intertidal Salt Marsh ................................................................................................................ 3.4 Salt Pannes ........................... .................................................................................................. 3.5 Brackish Marsh .......................................................................................................................... 3.6 Estuarine Channels and Tidal Creeks ........................................................................... 3.6.1 Algae .................................................................................................................................. 3.6.2 Benthic Invertebrates ............................................................................................... 3.6.3 Fishes - Adults and Juveniles ........................................................................ 3.6.4 lchthyoplankton ......................................................................................................... 3.6.5 Birds .................... ......................................................................................................... 3.7 Intertidal Flats ........................... .......................................................................................... 3.8 Dunes and Beach ....................... ................................................................................ CHAPTER 4 . ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING ...................... .................................................... 60 4.1 Primary Productivity of Channel Algae ...................................................................... 60 4.2 Productivity of Epibenthic Algal Mats ............................................................................. 62 4.3 Vascular Plant Productivity and Biomass ............................................................. 65 4.4 Nutrient Interactions ............................................................................................................. 66 4.4.1 Nitrogen Fluxes in 1977-1978 ........................................................................ 68 4.4.2 Nitrogen Additions to Salt Marsh Vegetation ........................................ 6e
Page 4.5 Energy Flow ......................................................................................................................... 70 4.5.1 Detrital Production ....................................................................................... 70 4.5.2 Feeding and Growth Rates .................................... .............................................. 71 4.5.3 Carbon Fluxes ...................................................................................................... 71 4.5.4 Temporal Variability in Filtering Functions .............................................. 73 CHAPTER 5 . THE ROLE OF DISTURBANCES IN MODIFYING SALT MARSH ................................................................ COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 76 5.1 Mon~toring Program ..................................................................................................... 5.2 Physical Changes Following Ecosystem-wide Disturbances ......................... 5.2.1 Soil Salinity Changes ...................................................................................... 5.2.2 Sedimentation in the Salt Marsh ...................................................................... 5.3 Effects of Ecosystem-wide Disturbance on Salt Marsh Structure .............. 5.3.1 Cordgrass Marsh Vegetation Changes ................................................... 5.3.2 Succulent-dominated Marsh Responses to Drought ................... 5.3.3 Summary of Compositional Changes ........................................................ 5.4 Effects of Ecosystem-wide Disturbances on Salt Marsh Function ............ 5.4.1 Hydrology and Salinity Experiments .......................................................... 5.4.2 Nutrient Addition Experiments ................................................................ CHAPTER 6 . MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................... 88 6.1 Research Needs and Opportunities ........................................................... 88 6.2 Management Needs ................... ........................................................................... 90 6.2 1 Sedimentation Problems ..................................................... 91 6.2.2 Beach and Dune Erosion .......................................................................... 92 6.2.3 Streamflow Modifications ................................................ ................. 92 6.2.4 Habitat Management ............................................................................ 95 6.3 Mitigation - Successes and Failures ................................................... 98 REFERENCES ........................................................................... ........... 101
Page 1 and 2: June 1986 I THE ECOLOGY OF TIJUANA
Page 3 and 4: The findings in this report are not
Page 5: CONVERSION TABLE Metric to U.S. Cus
Page 9 and 10: Number Page The channel fish cornrn
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The California Sea
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. Lacatlcrn of 71juana Estu
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3. Map6 of Tijuana Estuary s
Page 17 and 18: FI(I(uPc$ 4. Wei&rahOt@ patt@rns of
Page 19 and 20: also limitrng Hot, dry desert winds
Page 21 and 22: 2.3 LAND USE HlSPQWV Through exami!
Page 23 and 24: The nearby bridge remained, and ext
Page 25 and 26: flushing until mid-December 1984. E
Page 27 and 28: with seawater. Even in years with s
Page 29 and 30: flats ~n winter but not in midsumme
Page 31 and 32: Each "island" of higher topography
Page 33 and 34: The vegetation and soils of the upp
Page 35 and 36: populations (Massey 1979) The brrds
Page 37 and 38: c~n~entrations of insects, especial
Page 39 and 40: Frgufe 29. The Ifght-footed clapper
Page 41 and 42: Figure 30. During winter (above) th
Page 43 and 44: anlmal footprints, In the hardpan f
Page 45 and 46: Tijuana Estuary salt marsh Such exp
Page 47 and 48: Frgura 36 The etraracrel an& tidal
Page 49 and 50: ^_ _I __"___I _-a_. -- fable 7. Inv
Page 51 and 52: Pre- 1980 (excluding Hosrner Rehse
Page 53 and 54: Table 8. Average density (number/m2
Page 55 and 56: changes in envlronment has not been
Page 57 and 58:
was dominated by goby species, Cali
Page 59 and 60:
compared the ,chthyoplankton commun
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 43, Birds of the intertidal
Page 63 and 64:
-" and that the community was compo
Page 65 and 66:
Willet (1 73) i - Water Depth (cm)
Page 67 and 68:
Table 14. Early information on dune
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 48. Birds that nest on the s
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTER 4 ECOSYSTEM FldNCTlONlNG St
Page 73 and 74:
were no? irght-saturated untri expo
Page 75 and 76:
Table 17. Conceptual model of chann
Page 77 and 78:
Table 19. Net aboveground productiv
Page 79 and 80:
_I___ I__-~--- 4.4.1 Nitragen Fluxe
Page 81 and 82:
i i t 1 1 I Table 22. Standing crop
Page 83 and 84:
calculated from chlorophyll a measu
Page 85 and 86:
Dissolved Organic Biomass Carbon De
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 5 THE ROLE OF DISTURBANCES
Page 89 and 90:
Table 25. Changes in elevation in t
Page 91 and 92:
Table 26. Change in pickleweed cano
Page 93 and 94:
Table 27. Occurrence (in circular 0
Page 95 and 96:
perennials can survive long periods
Page 97 and 98:
An experiment was designed to deter
Page 99 and 100:
CHAPTER 6 MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
Page 101 and 102:
Closely associated with the researc
Page 103 and 104:
c. Dredging at Tijuana Estuary will
Page 105 and 106:
Table 30. Predicted impacts of redu
Page 107 and 108:
footed clapper rails; the picklewee
Page 109 and 110:
overwashas, and slabiiizatran rs rl
Page 112 and 113:
REFERENCES Allen, L.G. 1980. Struct
Page 114 and 115:
Minsky, D. 1984. California least t
Page 116:
30272 -101 REPORT WUMENTATION 1. RE
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The Ecology of Tijuana Estuary, California: An Estuarine Profile

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