Decentralization of Forest Administration in Indonesia, Implications ...

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Barr, C. et al. 107 Endnotes 1 Ministry of Forestry and Estate Crops (MoFEC) Decree 310/Kpts-II/1999 on Guidelines for Granting Forest Product Collection Permits (Keputusan Menteri 310/Kpts-II/1999 tentang Pedoman Pemberian Hak Pemungutan Hasil Hutan), dated May 7, 1999. 2 MoFEC Decree 317/Kpts-II/1999 on Forest Product Collection Permits for Customary Right Communities in Production Forests (Keputusan Menteri 317/Kpts-II/1999 tentang Hak Pemungutan Hasil Hutan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Pada Areal Hutan Produksi), dated May 7, 1999. 3 Letter of Minister of Forestry and Estate Crops No. 603/Menhutbun-VIII/2000 on Stopping/ Suspending the Release of Forest Estate, dated 22 May 2000. (Surat Menteri Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Mengenai Penghentian/Penangguhan Pelepasan Kawasan Hutan, tanggal 22 Mei, 2000). 4 MoF Decree 05.1/Kpts-II/2000 on Criteria and Standard of Licensing of the Utilization of Forest Products and the Harvesting of Forest Products in Natural Production Forest (tentang Kriteria dan Standar Perijinan Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan dan Perijinan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan pada Hutan Produksi Alam), dated November 6, 2000. 5 As Resosudarmo (2004a) notes, “The MPR decree [TAP MPR No. III/2000] stated that MPR decrees [TAP MPR] stand immediately below the constitution in Indonesia’s legal hierarchy, followed by laws (undang-undang), government regulations replacing laws (peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang), government regulations (peraturan pemerintah), and regional regulations (peraturan daerah). 6 Inhutani is now defunct: because of mismanagement, it basically collapsed. It is important to note as well that IPPKs and HPHHs often didn’t pay PSDH/DR – so can market timber at lower prices. HPH working legally can’t compete. 7 Interview with unit manager at Inhutani II, Malinau, September 8, 2000. 8 Interview with officials at Inhutani I, Tarakan, September 13, 2000. 9 MoF Decree No. 541/2002 on abolishing MoF Decree 05.1/Kpts-II/2000 on Criteria and Standards of Licensing of the Utilization of Forest Products and the Harvesting of Forest Products in Natural Production Forest (Pencabutan Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan 05.1/ Kpts-II/2000 tentang Kriteria dan Standar Perijinan Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan dan Perijinan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan pada Hutan Produksi Alam), dated February 21, 2002. 10 MoF Regulation No. P.03/Menhut-II/2005 on guidelines for verification of forest concessions or timber plantation permits issued by Governors or District Heads/Mayors (Pedoman Verifikasi Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Pada Hutan Alam dan atau Hutan Tanaman Yang Diterbitkan oleh Gubernur atau Bupati/Walikota), dated January 18, 2005. 11 MoF Decree 101/Menhut-II/2004 on the Acceleration of Industrial Plantation Development to Supply Raw Materials for the Pulp and Paper Industry, issued in March 2004 (Percepatan Pembangunan Hutan Tanaman untuk Pemenuhan Bahan Baku Pulp dan Kertas), dated March 24, 2004.
Chapter 6 The Impacts of Decentralization on Tenure and Livelihoods Moira Moeliono and Ahmad Dermawan 6.1 Introduction Land and forest tenure are perhaps the most contentious and sensitive issues with respect to state-society relations in Indonesia. At the national level, land tenure, especially in areas that fall within the boundaries of the officially designated Forest Estate, is a particularly difficult issue. Although Law 22/1999 on Regional Governance devolved a large part of government authority to the regions, its implementing regulation, Government Regulation 25/2000, still allows the Ministry of Forestry great power and authority to, among other things, designate the status, boundaries, and function of forests (Thamrin 2002). The revised decentralization laws of 2004 have not significantly changed this; in fact they have strengthened the position of the Ministry to control forest land. It is also important to analyze how decentralization has affected the livelihoods of rural communities, since that is a central purpose of decentralization reform processes taking place both within Indonesia and in many other countries around the world. Tenure and livelihood issues are often closely interlinked, particularly with regard to access to forest resources and the distribution of associated benefits. This chapter discusses the implications of decentralization on the dynamics of land and forest tenure, as well as its impacts on the livelihoods of communities living in or adjacent to forests. The discussion focuses particularly on areas where CIFOR and partners have conducted research. Although it is rather difficult to separate the effects of decentralization on the livelihoods of communities from other processes of social and economic change, there are some indications of changes that could not have happened without the influence of decentralization, particularly in the regions. 6.2 De Facto Decentralization Law 22/1999 on Regional Governance established districts as autonomous regions with the authority ”to manage national resources in their region …” (Art. 10). District governments used this as the legal basis to take control over their forests and other resources, conveniently ignoring the second part of the same article: “… and be responsible to maintain environmental sustainability in accordance with the law”. The law also stated that cross (district) boundary matters are to be under the authority of the province (Art. 9). As forests seldom follow administrative boundaries, this became a source of conflict between the different levels of government, particularly as the law also stated that there would be no hierarchical relation between districts and provinces. As described in earlier chapters, Indonesia’s central, provincial, and district governments have struggled over the division of authority over forests, while the technical
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National Library of Indonesia Catal
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iv 4.5 Forest Revenue Sharing 69 4.
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Preface Indonesia is currently ente
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Acknowledgements This study is base
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Abbreviations AAC ACIAR ADEKSI APBD
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IPHHBK IPHHK IPJL IPK IPKR IPKMA IP
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Glossary Adat, customary or traditi
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Forests and Decentralization in Ind
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10 Forests and Decentralization in
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Chapter 2 Forest Administration and
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20 Forest Administration and Forest
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32 Origins and Scope of Indonesia
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Since the collapse of Soeharto’s
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