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J Bagh College Dentistry Vol. 21(1), 2009 The effect of amalgam… 10. Marzouk MA, Simonton AL, Gross RD. Operative Dentistry, Modern Theory and practice. 1th ed . St. Louis Ishiyaku Euro America , Inc., P. 105-34, 1985. 11. Ratananakin T, Denty GE, Vargas MA. Effect of condensation techniques on amalgam bond strengths to dentin. Oper Dent 1996; 21 (5): 191-5. 12. Chapman KW, Crim GA. Pneumatic versus hand condensation of amalgam: Effect on microleakage. Quint Int 1992; 23 (7): 495-8. 13. Sturdevant CM, Roberson TM, Heymann HO, Sturdevant JR. The art and science of operative dentistry. 3th ed. St. Louis; C.V. Mosby, p. 219-55, 1995. 14. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Dental Adhesive System technical product ptofile. St. Paul. MN. : 3M Dental products Division. 1992. 15. Sweeney JT. Uncontrolled variables in amalgam, with significant improvements in the making of restorations. J Am Dent Assoc 1940; 27: 190. 16. Jorgensen KD. Adaptability of dental amalgams Acta Odont Scand 1965; 23: 257-70. 17. Mjor IA. Clinical assessments of amalgam restorations. Oper Dent 1986; 11: 55-62. 18. Summit JB, Burgess JO, Osborne JW, Berry TG, Robbins JW. Two year evaluation of Amalgambond plus and pin-retained amalgam restorations (Abstract 383). J Dent Res 1998; 77 (special issue A): 153. 19. Tcos JC, Staninec M, Wilson NHF. Clinical evaluation of bonded amalgam restorations over two years. (Abstract 2589). J Dent Res 1998; 77 (special issue B): 955. 20. Belcher MA, Stewart GP. Two-year clinical evaluation of an amalgam adhesive. J Am Dent Assoc 1997; 128: 309-14. 21. Retiev DH, Mandras RS, Russell CM. Shear bond strength required to prevent microleakage at the dentin / restoration interface. Am J Dent 1994; 7(1): 43-6. 22. Chappell RP, Eick JD. Shear bond strength and scanning electron microscopic observation of six current dental adhesives. Quint Int 1994; 25 (50): 359- 68. 23. Holtan JR, Nystrom GP, Olin PS, Phelps RA, Phillips JJ, Douglas WH. Bond strength of six dental adhesives. J Dent 1994; 22(2): 92-6. 24. Syntac Single-Component Dental Adhesive System technical product profile. Vivadent Ets., Liechtenstein. 1997. 25. Nakabayashi N, Takarada K. Effect of HEMA on bonding to dentin. Dent Mater 1992; 8: 125-30. Restorative Dentistry 37
J Bagh College Dentistry Vol. 21(1), 2009 The visible portion of… The visible portion of upper anterior teeth at rest Reem A. Al Obaidy, B.D.S., M.Sc. (1) ABSTRACT Back ground: Esthetics has become a respectable concept in dentistry. In the past, the importance of esthetics was discounted in favor of concepts such as function, structure and biology. In today's, treatment planning must begin with well defined esthetic objectives. The visibility of upper anterior tooth surface with lip at rest is an important factor in determining prosthodontic outcome. A study was therefore, undertaken to investigate the degree of visibility of maxillary anterior teeth surfaces when the lip at rest. Materials and method: 140 patients were examined. The entire subject had maxillary anterior teeth present with no caries, restorations; sever attrition, mobility, or obvious deformities. The portions of upper anterior teeth that were visible were measured vertically using millimeter ruler. Results: females showed more of the maxillary central and lateral incisors than males, while the difference in canine was not significant. With increasing age, the amount of maxillary anterior teeth that was visible at rest decreased. Most subjects with shorter upper lips displayed more maxillary anterior teeth than those with longer upper lips. Conclusion: The degree of visibility of maxillary anterior teeth is determined by muscle position that varies from one person to another. These results provide practical guidelines for vertical positioning of the maxillary teeth. Key words: Anterior dental esthetics, tooth visibility, lip line. (J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2009; 21(1):38-40) INTRODUCTION The presence of the maxillary anterior teeth plays an important role to the facial appeal. They give each face a unique identity, just as eyes, nose, and skeletal proportions make each face distinctive (1,2) . The amount of visible upper anterior teeth, with lip at rest or during function, is an important esthetic factor in determining the outcome of fixed and removable prosthodontic care, implant dentistry, operative dentistry, and orthognathic surgery (3) . The mount of visible portions of upper anterior teeth is influenced by muscle positions that vary from person to another (4-6) . Lip coverage of the maxillary anterior teeth at rest showed gender difference; females displayed more maxillary incisors than males (7,8) . It has also been reported the display of upper anterior teeth tends to decrease with age (9,10) . In addition, individuals with shorter upper lips expose more maxillary incisor surface than people with longer upper lips (11,12) . Patients with complete denture treatment, the maxillary occlusion rims are adjusted to have proposed position of maxillary anterior teeth. Several guidelines were suggested to establish the lip length-incisal edge relationship and, accordingly, the visible portion of anterior teeth (13, 14) . One of these guidelines was the vertical length of the maxillary occlusion rim that extends in the anterior region to approximately 2mm below the relaxed lip (15,16) . The amount of visibility of anterior teeth can be one of the helpful guidelines for determining the appropriate vertical dimension of occlusion (13) . (1) Assistant lecturer, Department of Prosthetic, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University The number of studies on this desired visibility of maxillary anterior teeth was non sufficient, so the purpose of this investigation was to determine the degree of visibility of maxillary anterior teeth when the lips at rest. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred forty adult subjects [62(%44.28) males and 78(%55.71) females] with ages ranging from 16-70 years were selected randomly from the prosthodontic department in Baghdad University and others from many health centers in Baghdad. The entire subjects had maxillary anterior teeth present without caries, restorations, appreciable attrition, mobility, extrusion, or obvious deformities. Subjects with lip trauma, facial surgery, or orthodontic treatment were excluded. The measurements were taken by using a millimeters ruler. The portions of anterior teeth that were visible were measured vertically from the lip to the incisal edge for the incisors, and to the cusp tip for the canines, at the midpoint of the tooth when the lips and lower jaw were at rest position (Figure 1). The measurement was considered to be zero if the tooth could not be seen. Three measurements for each tooth were taken and then the mean was calculated. The length of the upper lip was measured from the base of the columella to the tip of the philtrum at the midline of the face (Figure 2). All the recorded data were statistically analyzed by t – test and the results were obtained. RESULTS Tables 1 and 2 showed the mean and standard deviation of these measurement in millimeters which shown that there is a highly significant Restorative Dentistry 38
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