Technological Infrastructure and Use of ICT in Education in ... - ADEA

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Technological Infrastructure and Use of ICT in Education in Africa: an overview 7 Contents Foreword..................................................3 Acknowledgements ....................................5 1. Introduction ....................................... 11 2. Definition of Terms.............................. 13 2.1 Distance Education: The Need for Conceptual Clarity................. 13 2.3 Technological Convergence........................ 21 3. Understanding Media and Technologies ... 25 3.1 Using Technologies to Support Education .... 25 4. Characteristics of Different Media........... 32 4.1 Face-to-Face Contact ............................... 32 4.2 Text ....................................................... 33 4.3 Audio ..................................................... 37 4.4 Video ..................................................... 42 4.5 Integrated Multimedia .............................. 46 5. Socio-Economic Context of Sub-Saharan Africa.......................... 48 5.1 General Socio-Economic Indicators............. 48 5.2 Educational Context ................................ 52 5.3 ICT in Education ...................................... 59 6. Africa, ICT and Development ................ 63 7. ICT Infrastructure in Africa.................... 68 8. Importance of ICT for Education ........... 74 9. ICT in Primary and Secondary Education. 79 10. ICT and Tertiary Education .................. 92 11. ICT and Teacher Training.................. 102 12. ICT and Adult/Basic Education .......... 111 13. Financial Implications ....................... 120
8 Working Group on Distance Education and Open Learning 13.1 Four Cost Concepts ................................120 13.2 Cost Considerations for Different Types of ICTs ..................................................124 13.3 Cost Implications of ICT for Access and Quality ..................................................125 13.4 Cost and Policy ......................................129 14. Conclusion ...................................... 130 15. References ...................................... 133
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