ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD - World Resources Institute

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Figure 7. Per Capita Energy Use Rates for Cooking With Wood and High-Quality Energy Carriers Wood -600 -500 .400 I o -300 U u Z ~ (J a H N S C u s tu D 1XJ CO OS O _200 _100 For both wood stoves and stoves using high-quality energy carriers, the per capita energy use rate is expressed in Watts (an abbreviation for Watt-years per year). For wood it is also given in tonnes of dry wood per year, assuming 1 tonne of wood = 18 gigajoules, so that 1 tonne per year = 570 Watts. Source: J. Goldemberg, et ah, "Basic Needs and Much More with 1 kW per Capita," Ambio vol. 14, no. 4-5 (1985): 190-200. now used, identified ongoing structural economic changes that will shape energy demand, and explored technically and economically feasible ways to use energy more efficiently. Our analysis indicates that the global population could roughly double, that living standards could be improved far beyond satisfying basic needs in developing countries, and that economic growth in industrialized countries could continue, without increasing the level of global energy use in 2020 much above the present level. The level of global energy use identified in our scenario is far below the doubling or tripling of global energy use projected in conventional energy analyses. (See Figure 9.) Our scenario is not a prediction but, rather, a statement of what is technically and economically feasible. It could come about, facilitated by appropriate public policies. Yet, why should attention be given to alter- 12
Figure 8. A High-Efficiency Wood Stove Designed by Applying Modern Scientific and Engineering Principles to the Cooking Task Air Inlet 7.0 x 1.5 Sheet Metal .8mm Fiberglass Insulation Air Inlet 7.0 x 1.5 Fuel Inlet 3.0 x 3.0 Cross Section Viewed From the Side (Dimensions in Centimeters) Cross Section of the Bottom Viewed From Above (Dimensions in Centimeters) Recent applications of the principles of heat transfer and combustion to fuelwood cooking stove design have resulted in simple, highly efficient stoves. Typically such improved stoves can pay for themselves in fuel savings within a few months. The stove shown here, made of sheet metal and insulation, is under development at the Indian <strong>Institute</strong> of Science at Bangalore. The efficiency of this stove can be more than 40 percent compared to less than 20 percent for protected open fires. Hazardous smoke emissions would also be greatly reduced with this type of stove. Good performance is due to the use of insulation to reduce heat loss through the walls; a unique combustion chamber design that promotes mixing of air with and recirculation of unburned volatiles until combustion is complete; and a narrowing combustion chamber and a narrow pot-to-stove channel width to increase the gas velocities over the bottom and sides of the pot, thereby improving the heat transfer to the pot. Source: H.S. Mukunda and U. Shrinivasa, "Single Pan Wood Stoves of High Efficiency, Part I," July 1985; H.S. Mukunda, et. al., "Single Pan Wood Stoves of High Efficiency, Part II," December 1985 (Bangalore, India: Indian <strong>Institute</strong> of Science), Centre for the Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas. 13
Page 1 and 2: ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD (iii
Page 3 and 4: Kathleen Courrier Publications Dire
Page 5 and 6: V. Changing the Political Economy o
Page 7 and 8: Foreword The 1970s saw nothing less
Page 9 and 10: The Energy Crisis Revisited The sha
Page 11 and 12: Table 1. Net Oil Imports and Their
Page 13 and 14: I. Some Surprises on the Demand Sid
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3. Cross-Section of a "Stres
Page 17 and 18: Table 2. Pre-Energy Crisis Trends i
Page 19: Figure 6. The Rapidly Changing Tech
Page 23 and 24: Figure 9. Alternative Projections o
Page 25 and 26: II. A Closer Look at the Energy Pro
Page 27 and 28: substitutes exist for fueling autom
Page 29 and 30: Tanzania. Each year human overuse l
Page 31 and 32: Higher CO 2 concentrations in the a
Page 33 and 34: would also buy time for the develop
Page 35 and 36: Figure 12. OECD Primary Energy Dema
Page 37 and 38: Figure 14. Primary Energy Consumpti
Page 39 and 40: might ensue. In short, the Middle E
Page 41 and 42: IV. Behind the Numbers E nergy is o
Page 43 and 44: Figure 15. Sectoral Distribution of
Page 45 and 46: Figure 17. Trends in the Apparent C
Page 47 and 48: containing less material per dollar
Page 49 and 50: Figure 20. The Material Intensity o
Page 51 and 52: Figure 21. Final Energy Intensity V
Page 53 and 54: Figure 23. Final Energy Intensity V
Page 55 and 56: many different technological possib
Page 57 and 58: Table 4. Distribution of Petroleum
Page 59 and 60: Table 5. Continued e. The average f
Page 61 and 62: Detailed measurements in the late 1
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Energy Performance of Refr
Page 65 and 66: Table 7. Final Energy Use in the Re
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Oil Use by Automobiles in
Page 69 and 70: the next several decades was 37 mpg
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Table 10. Continued d. The 39-kilow
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million autos in developing countri
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(the combined production of heat an
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Table 12. Parameters Relating to th
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Table 13. Final Energy Use Scenario
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Table 14. Final Per Capita Energy U
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Table 16. Alternative Scenarios for
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Table 18. Alternative Final Energy
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Table 20. Activity Levels for a Hyp
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Table 21. Continued g. A 25 percent
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Figure 28. Final Energy Use Per Cap
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V. Changing the Political Economy o
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are controlled to protect the poor,
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plementing social goals. Far more i
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energy performance targets. Such ta
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Of course, energy utilities won't b
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The era of energy-demand consciousn
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more difficult to implement in deve
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Efforts to modernize bioenergy woul
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Table 24. Expenditures of Multilate
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support projects need not rely much
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These "threshold" countries are not
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Notes 1. The World Bank, World Deve
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35. H.S. Geller, The Potential for
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Appendix A Top-Down Representation
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Figure A-l A Top-Down Representatio
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plausible expectations about energy
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World Resources Institute 1735 New
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