ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD - World Resources Institute

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Figure 22. Final Energy Intensity Versus Manufacturing Value-Added for Swedish Manufacturing Industries in 1978. 500. 2 re 1 450 _ 400 _ 350 _ Petroleum - Refining (7.2) c U 300 . -a u 250 _ j« 200 _ a 150_| 100 _ 50 _ Primary Metals Paper (18.1) and Pulp X Stone, Clay, Glass / (6.2) Forest Products / (7 2) Chemicals ' ' l7 -°) .Food Other / (8.0) 1 I I I | I | II | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Contribution to Manufacturing Value Added in Percent The number displayed for each bar is that sector's contribution to total final energy use in Swedish manufacturing, in percent. they are too energy-intensive for today's energy prices. But the employment implications of alternative technologies and strategies for industrialization must be taken into account. Gainful employment provides the purchasing power that enables people to satisfy some of their basic needs. In rural areas, the lack of such employment not only keeps per capita in- 46
Figure 23. Final Energy Intensity Versus Manufacturing Value Added for Brazilian Manufacturing Industries in 1980 40 1 Non-Ferrous Xand Other Metals (7.8) 2 u 35: Ceramics (5.0) Cement (6.9) •S c o U 30 _ 3 u 3 cr 5 25 _ 20 ~ 15 _ 10 _ Iron and Steel / (20.3) Non-Metallic Minerals / (4.6) Paper ' (5.9) Iron Alloys y (2.D Food . Chemicals (11.5) Other / (14.2) i < 10 | i I i i | I I I i | I I I I | I I I 1 | I I I I | I I I i | I I i I | 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Contribution to Manufacturing Value Added in Percent The number displayed for each bar is that sector's contribution (in percent) to total final energy use in Brazilian manufacturing. come extremely low but also induces people to migrate to already overburdened cities. Of course, some industries generate far more jobs than others. Most basic materials process- Ing industries have both low labor intensities md high energy intensities, the fabrication and finishing industries have high labor intensities and low energy intensities. In the industrial sector of the state of Karnataka in India, for example, 18 electro-metallurgical firms consumed two thirds of all industrial electricity and directly employed 4,000 people. In contrast, 1,200 other firms used the remaining one third 47
Page 1 and 2: ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD (iii
Page 3 and 4: Kathleen Courrier Publications Dire
Page 5 and 6: V. Changing the Political Economy o
Page 7 and 8: Foreword The 1970s saw nothing less
Page 9 and 10: The Energy Crisis Revisited The sha
Page 11 and 12: Table 1. Net Oil Imports and Their
Page 13 and 14: I. Some Surprises on the Demand Sid
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3. Cross-Section of a "Stres
Page 17 and 18: Table 2. Pre-Energy Crisis Trends i
Page 19 and 20: Figure 6. The Rapidly Changing Tech
Page 21 and 22: Figure 8. A High-Efficiency Wood St
Page 23 and 24: Figure 9. Alternative Projections o
Page 25 and 26: II. A Closer Look at the Energy Pro
Page 27 and 28: substitutes exist for fueling autom
Page 29 and 30: Tanzania. Each year human overuse l
Page 31 and 32: Higher CO 2 concentrations in the a
Page 33 and 34: would also buy time for the develop
Page 35 and 36: Figure 12. OECD Primary Energy Dema
Page 37 and 38: Figure 14. Primary Energy Consumpti
Page 39 and 40: might ensue. In short, the Middle E
Page 41 and 42: IV. Behind the Numbers E nergy is o
Page 43 and 44: Figure 15. Sectoral Distribution of
Page 45 and 46: Figure 17. Trends in the Apparent C
Page 47 and 48: containing less material per dollar
Page 49 and 50: Figure 20. The Material Intensity o
Page 51: Figure 21. Final Energy Intensity V
Page 55 and 56: many different technological possib
Page 57 and 58: Table 4. Distribution of Petroleum
Page 59 and 60: Table 5. Continued e. The average f
Page 61 and 62: Detailed measurements in the late 1
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Energy Performance of Refr
Page 65 and 66: Table 7. Final Energy Use in the Re
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Oil Use by Automobiles in
Page 69 and 70: the next several decades was 37 mpg
Page 71 and 72: Table 10. Continued d. The 39-kilow
Page 73 and 74: million autos in developing countri
Page 75 and 76: (the combined production of heat an
Page 77 and 78: Table 12. Parameters Relating to th
Page 79 and 80: Table 13. Final Energy Use Scenario
Page 81 and 82: Table 14. Final Per Capita Energy U
Page 83 and 84: Table 16. Alternative Scenarios for
Page 85 and 86: Table 18. Alternative Final Energy
Page 87 and 88: Table 20. Activity Levels for a Hyp
Page 89 and 90: Table 21. Continued g. A 25 percent
Page 91 and 92: Figure 28. Final Energy Use Per Cap
Page 93 and 94: V. Changing the Political Economy o
Page 95 and 96: are controlled to protect the poor,
Page 97 and 98: plementing social goals. Far more i
Page 99 and 100: energy performance targets. Such ta
Page 101 and 102: Of course, energy utilities won't b
Page 103 and 104:
The era of energy-demand consciousn
Page 105 and 106:
more difficult to implement in deve
Page 107 and 108:
Efforts to modernize bioenergy woul
Page 109 and 110:
Table 24. Expenditures of Multilate
Page 111 and 112:
support projects need not rely much
Page 113 and 114:
These "threshold" countries are not
Page 115 and 116:
Notes 1. The World Bank, World Deve
Page 117 and 118:
35. H.S. Geller, The Potential for
Page 119 and 120:
Appendix A Top-Down Representation
Page 121 and 122:
Figure A-l A Top-Down Representatio
Page 123 and 124:
plausible expectations about energy
Page 125 and 126:
World Resources Institute 1735 New
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ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD - World Resources Institute

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