ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD - World Resources Institute

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Figure 19. Material Intensity for Household Appliances (Top) and Transport Vehicles (Bottom) Versus Sales Price in Sweden 30. A X\ \ \ i N N • N 20. 10. (_} Average if Ranges CH Washing Machines A Refrigerators © Refrigerator/Cooler • Refrigerator/Freezers A Freezers A A A "^t" ^ Uu A —— D \D "* D -A. 30- i 2000 4000 6000 Price (Swedish Kroner) O Average 20_ A Autos (1961) A Autos (1981) if Motorcycles • Bicycles A 10 _ > * 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 Price (Swedish Kroner) The downward trend of the materials intensity with increasing sales price shows that as their incomes increase and they purchase more costly products, consumers tend to buy less materials-intensive (more value added-intensive) products. Source: T.B. Johansson and P. Steen, Perspectives on Energy (Stockholm: Liber Vorlag, 1985). In Swedish. 42
Figure 20. The Material Intensity of Steel and Cement in the Swedish Living Over Time in Sweden Economy Versus Standard of 100 _ 1965 - Steel —*~ 1 9 5 6 / 6 0 ^ ^ y/ \ 1970 \y~\ V \ /• \ 1975 \ •u 75 JS 0 D 1941/45 / /N. // 1951/55 1968 1979 - & 2 O 50 - / | ~*— Cement 1926/30 / 1 1896/1900 K /\l f \ \ • _ •\ 1970 \ \ \ 1975 — laterial Intensity 1 1 * 1941/45 1886/90 ^ ** • • 1931/35 -\ 1916/20 1 1 1979 0 1 -' 1886/90 1 i | I | l 1000 3000 5000 1 7000 t 9000 Gross Domestic Product Per Capita (1975 U.S. Dollars) Source: P Steen, et a\., Energy—For What and How Much? (Stockholm: Liber Vorlag,1981). In Swedish. economic activities—building and operating more factories, schools, hospitals, office buildings, houses, and transport systems and manufacturing consumer products for domestic markets that are far from saturated. The energy required for this development can vary significantly, however, according to the development strategy selected. The development strategy underlying our analysis emphasizes the satisfaction of basic human needs, industrial activities that promote new employment, and agricultural production. Energy and Basic Human Needs. In the 1950s, it was widely believed that maximizing economic growth was the best way to eradicate poverty. However, the benefits of rapid economic growth have not trickled down to the poor. While rapid growth is necessary for suc- 43
Page 1 and 2: ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD (iii
Page 3 and 4: Kathleen Courrier Publications Dire
Page 5 and 6: V. Changing the Political Economy o
Page 7 and 8: Foreword The 1970s saw nothing less
Page 9 and 10: The Energy Crisis Revisited The sha
Page 11 and 12: Table 1. Net Oil Imports and Their
Page 13 and 14: I. Some Surprises on the Demand Sid
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3. Cross-Section of a "Stres
Page 17 and 18: Table 2. Pre-Energy Crisis Trends i
Page 19 and 20: Figure 6. The Rapidly Changing Tech
Page 21 and 22: Figure 8. A High-Efficiency Wood St
Page 23 and 24: Figure 9. Alternative Projections o
Page 25 and 26: II. A Closer Look at the Energy Pro
Page 27 and 28: substitutes exist for fueling autom
Page 29 and 30: Tanzania. Each year human overuse l
Page 31 and 32: Higher CO 2 concentrations in the a
Page 33 and 34: would also buy time for the develop
Page 35 and 36: Figure 12. OECD Primary Energy Dema
Page 37 and 38: Figure 14. Primary Energy Consumpti
Page 39 and 40: might ensue. In short, the Middle E
Page 41 and 42: IV. Behind the Numbers E nergy is o
Page 43 and 44: Figure 15. Sectoral Distribution of
Page 45 and 46: Figure 17. Trends in the Apparent C
Page 47: containing less material per dollar
Page 51 and 52: Figure 21. Final Energy Intensity V
Page 53 and 54: Figure 23. Final Energy Intensity V
Page 55 and 56: many different technological possib
Page 57 and 58: Table 4. Distribution of Petroleum
Page 59 and 60: Table 5. Continued e. The average f
Page 61 and 62: Detailed measurements in the late 1
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Energy Performance of Refr
Page 65 and 66: Table 7. Final Energy Use in the Re
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Oil Use by Automobiles in
Page 69 and 70: the next several decades was 37 mpg
Page 71 and 72: Table 10. Continued d. The 39-kilow
Page 73 and 74: million autos in developing countri
Page 75 and 76: (the combined production of heat an
Page 77 and 78: Table 12. Parameters Relating to th
Page 79 and 80: Table 13. Final Energy Use Scenario
Page 81 and 82: Table 14. Final Per Capita Energy U
Page 83 and 84: Table 16. Alternative Scenarios for
Page 85 and 86: Table 18. Alternative Final Energy
Page 87 and 88: Table 20. Activity Levels for a Hyp
Page 89 and 90: Table 21. Continued g. A 25 percent
Page 91 and 92: Figure 28. Final Energy Use Per Cap
Page 93 and 94: V. Changing the Political Economy o
Page 95 and 96: are controlled to protect the poor,
Page 97 and 98: plementing social goals. Far more i
Page 99 and 100:
energy performance targets. Such ta
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Of course, energy utilities won't b
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The era of energy-demand consciousn
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more difficult to implement in deve
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Efforts to modernize bioenergy woul
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Table 24. Expenditures of Multilate
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support projects need not rely much
Page 113 and 114:
These "threshold" countries are not
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Notes 1. The World Bank, World Deve
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35. H.S. Geller, The Potential for
Page 119 and 120:
Appendix A Top-Down Representation
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Figure A-l A Top-Down Representatio
Page 123 and 124:
plausible expectations about energy
Page 125 and 126:
World Resources Institute 1735 New
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ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD - World Resources Institute

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