ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD - World Resources Institute

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 21. Assumed End-Use Technologies and Their Energy Performance Levels for the Hypothetical Developing Country Described in the Text Activity Residential Cooking Hot Water Refrigeration Lights TV Clothes Washer Commercial Transportation Automobiles Intercity Bus Passenger Train Urban Mass Transit Air Travel Truck Freight Rail Freight Water Freight Manufacturing Raw Steel Cement Primary Aluminum Paper and Paperboard Nitrogenous Fertilizer Agriculture Mining, Construction Technology, Performance 70 percent efficient gas stove 3 heat pump water heater, coefficient of performance of 2.5 b Electrolux refrigerator-freezer, 475 kilowatt-hours per year Compact fluorescent bulbs 75-watt unit 0.2 kilowatt-hours per cycle c performance of Harnosand Building (all uses except space heating) d Cummins/NASA Lewis Car at 3.0 liters per 100 kilometers 6 three-fourths energy intensity in 1975 £ three-fourths energy intensity in 1975 s three-fourths energy intensity in 1975 h one-half U.S. energy intensity in 1980' 0.67 megajoules per tonne-kilometer' electric rail at 0.18 megajoules per tonne-kilometer k 60 percent of OECD energy intensity' average, Plasmasmelt and Elred Processes Swedish average, 1983 m Alcoa process" average of 1977 Swedish designs 0 ammonia derived from methane p three-fourths WE/JANZ energy intensity 9 three-fourths WE/JANZ energy intensity 9 a. Compared to an assumed 50 percent efficiency for existing gas stoves; 70 percent efficient stoves having low NO X emissions, have been developed for the Gas Research <strong>Institute</strong> in the United States (K.C. Shukla and J.R. Hurley, "Development of an Efficient, Low NO X Domestic Gas Range Cook Top," GRI/81/0201, Gas Research <strong>Institute</strong>, Chicago, 1983). b. The assumed heat pump performance is comparable to that of the most efficient heat pump water heaters available in the United States in 1982. c. Typical value for U.S. washing machines. d. The Harnosand Building was the most energy-efficient commercial building in Sweden in 1981, at the time it was built. It used 0.13 gigajoules of electricity per square meter of floor area for all purposes other than space heating. e. See Table 10. f. A 25 percent reduction in energy intensity is assumed relative to the 1975 average of 0.60 megajoules per person-kilometer for intercity buses, owing to the introduction of adiabatic diesels with turbocompounding. 82
Table 21. Continued g. A 25 percent reduction in energy intensity is assumed relative to the 1975 average of 0.60 (0.20) megajoules per person-kilometer for diesel (electric) passenger trains, owing to the introduction of adiabatic diesels with turbocompounding (electric motor control technology). h. A 25 percent reduction in energy intensity is assumed relative to the 1975 average of 1.13 (0.41) megajoules per person-kilometer for diesel buses (electric mass transit), owing to the introduction of adiabatic diesels with turbocompounding (electric motor control technology). i. A 50 percent reduction in energy intensity is assumed relative to the 1980 U.S. average value of 3.8 megajoules per person-kilometer for air passenger travel, owing to various improvements. j. The assumed energy intensity is one-third less than the simple average today in Sweden for single unit trucks (1.26 megajoules per tonne-kilometer) and combination trucks (0.76 megajoules per tonne-kilometer), to take into account improvements owing to use of adiabatic diesels with turbocompounding. k. The average energy intensity for electric rail in Sweden, with an average load of 300 tonnes and an average load factor of about 40 percent. 1. A 40 percent reduction in fuel intensity is assumed, reflecting such innovations as the adiabatic diesel and turbocompounding. m. Assuming an energy intensity of 3.56 gigajoules of fuel and 0.40 gigajoules of electricity per tonne, the average for Sweden in 1983. n Assuming an energy intensity of 84 gigajoules per tonne of fuel (the U.S. average in 1978) and 36 gigajoules of electricity, the requirements for the Alcoa process now being developed. o. Assuming an energy intensity of 7.3 gigajoules of fuel and 3.2 gigajoules of electricity per tonne, the average for 1977 Swedish designs. Assuming an energy intensity of 44 gigajoules of fuel per tonne of nitrogen in ammonia, the value with steam reforming of natural gas in a new fertilizer plant. Assuming a 25 percent reduction in energy intensity, owing to innovations such as the use of advanced diesel engines. WE/JANZ stands for Western Europe, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. counts for 22 percent of total energy use in Brazil, 58 percent in India, and 87 percent in Tanzania, but it accounts for only 8 percent of total energy use in the 1-kW scenario, and in absolute terms residential energy use is far less than at present for each of these countries. (See Figure 28.) In contrast, although the industrial sector at present accounts for only 37, 28, and 4 percent of total energy use in Brazil, India, and Tanzania, respectively, it accounts for 56 percent of total energy in the 1-kW scenario and involves more energy use per capita than in these countries at present. (See Figure 28.) In a sense, modernizing residential energy use frees up an enormous amount of energy that can be used to support industrial growth. Our thought experiment is not intended to establish amenity-level targets for developing countries or dates to meet them. Rather, our 83
Page 1 and 2:
ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD (iii
Page 3 and 4:
Kathleen Courrier Publications Dire
Page 5 and 6:
V. Changing the Political Economy o
Page 7 and 8:
Foreword The 1970s saw nothing less
Page 9 and 10:
The Energy Crisis Revisited The sha
Page 11 and 12:
Table 1. Net Oil Imports and Their
Page 13 and 14:
I. Some Surprises on the Demand Sid
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 3. Cross-Section of a "Stres
Page 17 and 18:
Table 2. Pre-Energy Crisis Trends i
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 6. The Rapidly Changing Tech
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 8. A High-Efficiency Wood St
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 9. Alternative Projections o
Page 25 and 26:
II. A Closer Look at the Energy Pro
Page 27 and 28:
substitutes exist for fueling autom
Page 29 and 30:
Tanzania. Each year human overuse l
Page 31 and 32:
Higher CO 2 concentrations in the a
Page 33 and 34:
would also buy time for the develop
Page 35 and 36:
Figure 12. OECD Primary Energy Dema
Page 37 and 38: Figure 14. Primary Energy Consumpti
Page 39 and 40: might ensue. In short, the Middle E
Page 41 and 42: IV. Behind the Numbers E nergy is o
Page 43 and 44: Figure 15. Sectoral Distribution of
Page 45 and 46: Figure 17. Trends in the Apparent C
Page 47 and 48: containing less material per dollar
Page 49 and 50: Figure 20. The Material Intensity o
Page 51 and 52: Figure 21. Final Energy Intensity V
Page 53 and 54: Figure 23. Final Energy Intensity V
Page 55 and 56: many different technological possib
Page 57 and 58: Table 4. Distribution of Petroleum
Page 59 and 60: Table 5. Continued e. The average f
Page 61 and 62: Detailed measurements in the late 1
Page 63 and 64: Table 6. Energy Performance of Refr
Page 65 and 66: Table 7. Final Energy Use in the Re
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Oil Use by Automobiles in
Page 69 and 70: the next several decades was 37 mpg
Page 71 and 72: Table 10. Continued d. The 39-kilow
Page 73 and 74: million autos in developing countri
Page 75 and 76: (the combined production of heat an
Page 77 and 78: Table 12. Parameters Relating to th
Page 79 and 80: Table 13. Final Energy Use Scenario
Page 81 and 82: Table 14. Final Per Capita Energy U
Page 83 and 84: Table 16. Alternative Scenarios for
Page 85 and 86: Table 18. Alternative Final Energy
Page 87: Table 20. Activity Levels for a Hyp
Page 91 and 92: Figure 28. Final Energy Use Per Cap
Page 93 and 94: V. Changing the Political Economy o
Page 95 and 96: are controlled to protect the poor,
Page 97 and 98: plementing social goals. Far more i
Page 99 and 100: energy performance targets. Such ta
Page 101 and 102: Of course, energy utilities won't b
Page 103 and 104: The era of energy-demand consciousn
Page 105 and 106: more difficult to implement in deve
Page 107 and 108: Efforts to modernize bioenergy woul
Page 109 and 110: Table 24. Expenditures of Multilate
Page 111 and 112: support projects need not rely much
Page 113 and 114: These "threshold" countries are not
Page 115 and 116: Notes 1. The World Bank, World Deve
Page 117 and 118: 35. H.S. Geller, The Potential for
Page 119 and 120: Appendix A Top-Down Representation
Page 121 and 122: Figure A-l A Top-Down Representatio
Page 123 and 124: plausible expectations about energy
Page 125 and 126: World Resources Institute 1735 New
show all

ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD - World Resources Institute

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?