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246 CHAPTER 7 HYPOTHESIS TESTING healthy postmenopausal women than in postmenopausal women with ankle fractures? Let a ¼ :05. 7.3.3 Hoekema et al. (A-11) studied the craniofacial morphology of 26 male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and 37 healthy male subjects (non–OSAS). One of the variables of interest was the length from the most superoanterior point of the body of the hyoid bone to the Frankfort horizontal (measured in millimeters). Length (mm) Non–OSAS Length (mm) OSAS 96.80 97.00 101.00 88.95 105.95 114.90 113.70 100.70 97.70 88.25 101.05 114.90 114.35 116.30 94.55 97.00 92.60 92.60 110.35 112.25 108.75 99.65 94.55 98.25 97.00 123.10 106.15 113.30 109.15 106.45 90.85 91.95 119.30 102.60 106.00 102.75 94.55 95.25 88.95 110.00 102.40 101.75 97.70 94.05 88.80 95.75 98.95 105.05 92.10 89.45 101.40 114.20 112.65 91.90 89.85 90.55 108.95 128.95 89.50 98.20 109.80 105.05 117.70 Source: Data provided courtesy of A. Hoekema, D.D.S. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to allow us to conclude that the two sampled populations differ with respect to length from the hyoid bone to the Frankfort horizontal? Let a ¼ :01. 7.3.4 Can we conclude that patients with primary hypertension (PH), on the average, have higher total cholesterol levels than normotensive (NT) patients? This was one of the inquiries of interest for Rossi et al. (A-12). In the following table are total cholesterol measurements (mg/dl) for 133 PH patients and 41 NT patients. Can we conclude that PH patients have, on average, higher total cholesterol levels than NT patients? Let a ¼ :05. Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) Primary Hypertensive Patients Normotensive Patients 207 221 212 220 190 286 189 172 223 260 214 245 226 196 191 181 210 215 171 187 142 221 217 265 206 261 204 179 203 208 206 247 182 203 212 241 202 198 221 162 206 163 208 218 210 199 182 196 196 199 216 211 196 225 168 189 185 168 274 239 203 229 142 235 168 223 199 195 184 168 214 214 175 244 178 186 121 134 203 203 214 240 281 226 280 168 236 222 203 (Continued)
EXERCISES 247 Primary Hypertensive Patients Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) Normotensive Patients 222 203 178 249 117 177 135 213 225 217 212 252 179 161 272 227 200 259 203 194 185 239 226 189 245 206 181 265 207 235 218 219 238 228 232 239 152 173 141 226 182 239 231 189 203 236 215 210 237 194 222 195 239 203 196 221 284 210 188 212 180 183 207 237 168 276 266 224 231 188 226 258 251 222 232 224 214 212 174 242 206 260 201 219 200 Source: Data provided courtesy of Gian Paolo Rossi, M.D., F.A.C.C., F.A.H.A. 7.3.5 GarSc~ao and Cabrita (A-13) wanted to evaluate the community pharmacist’s capacity to positively influence the results of antihypertensive drug therapy through a pharmaceutical care program in Portugal. Eighty-two subjects with essential hypertension were randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. The intervention group received monthly monitoring by a research pharmacist to monitor blood pressure, assess adherence to treatment, prevent, detect, and resolve drug-related problems, and encourage nonpharmacologic measures for blood pressure control. The changes after 6 months in diastolic blood pressure (pre post, mm Hg) are given in the following table for patients in each of the two groups. Intervention Group Control Group 20 4 12 16 0 4 12 0 2 24 6 10 12 2 2 8 36 6 24 16 18 2 0 10 26 2 42 10 0 8 0 14 2 8 20 6 8 10 4 8 20 8 14 6 10 0 12 0 2 16 2 2 8 6 4 2 14 14 10 8 14 10 28 8 30 8 2 16 4 2 18 16 18 20 18 12 2 2 12 12 6 6 Source: Data provided courtesy of Jose GarSc~ao, M.S., Pharm.D. On the basis of these data, what should the researcher conclude? Let a ¼ :05. 7.3.6 A test designed to measure mothers’ attitudes toward their labor and delivery experiences was given to two groups of new mothers. Sample 1 (attenders) had attended prenatal classes held at the local
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TENTH EDITION BIOSTATISTICS A Found
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VP & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER: ACQUISITI
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PREFACE This 10th edition of Biosta
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PREFACE ix SUPPLEMENTS Instructor
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BRIEF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO BI
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xiv CONTENTS 6.3 The t Distribution
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CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATIST
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1.2 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 3 Sources o
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1.3 MEASUREMENT AND MEASUREMENT SCA
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1.4 SAMPLING AND STATISTICAL INFERE
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1.5 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE D
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1.6 COMPUTERS AND BIOSTATISTICAL AN
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 17 a
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CHAPTER2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS CHA
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2.2 THE ORDERED ARRAY 21 TABLE 2.2.
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2.3 GROUPED DATA: THE FREQUENCY DIS
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EXERCISES 31 3 ¼ an abundance of s
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EXERCISES 33 25.21 30.49 27.38 36.4
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EXERCISES 35 2.3.7 In a study of ph
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EXERCISES 37 0.6870 0.6900 0.6910 0
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2.4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: MEASURE
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EXERCISES 53 2.5.1 Porcellini et al
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 2 5
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 57 R
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 59 1
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REFERENCES 63 DRINK TOUNCES TGRAMS
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CHAPTER3 SOME BASIC PROBABILITY CON
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3.2 TWO VIEWS OF PROBABILITY: OBJEC
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3.4 CALCULATING THE PROBABILITY OF
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EXERCISES 77 (d) If we pick a subje
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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EXERCISES 83 EXERCISES 3.5.1 A medi
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 87 (
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 89 i
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REFERENCES 91 Applications Referenc
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4.2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF DI
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 99 TA
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 101 E
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 103 f
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EXAMPLE 4.3.4 According to a June 2
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EXERCISES 107 Data: C1: 0 1 2 3 4 5
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 109 pr
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 111 or
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4.5 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBU
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4.5 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBU
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 117 .68
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 119 σ
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 121 _ 2
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4.7 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION APPLICATION
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TableD,wefindthattheareatotheleftof
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EXERCISES 127 Data: C1:-3-2-10123 D
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 4 S
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 131
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REFERENCES 133 REFERENCES Methodolo
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5.2 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 135 voca
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5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN
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5.4 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENCE
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EXERCISES 149 FIGURE 5.4.2 Sampling
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5.5 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE PROP
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EXERCISES 153 51 percent had adequa
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CHAPTER6 ESTIMATION CHAPTER OVERVIE
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6.1 INTRODUCTION 163 We will find t
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6.2 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR A POPUL
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6.3 THE t DISTRIBUTION 171 someone
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6.3 THE t DISTRIBUTION 173 Normal d
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EXERCISES 175 Yes Population normal
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6.4 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE DIF
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EXERCISES 183 EXERCISES R Code: > t
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6.7 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FO
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6.8 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FO
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6.9 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE VAR
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REFERENCES 301 A-17. JOHN S. MORLEY
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REFERENCES 303 A-56. LUIGI BENINI,
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 305 8.1 INTRODUCTI
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 307 who received d
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8.2 THE COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIG
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Dependent Variable: Selenium Tukey
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EXERCISES 329 Elbow Angle (Degrees)
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EXERCISES 331 Age Groups (Years) Ag
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EXERCISES 333 Group 1 Group 2 Group
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Objective The objective in using th
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8.3 THE RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK D
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EXERCISES 343 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 345 group were randomly a
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8.4 THE REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN 34
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EXERCISES 357 Is there sufficient e
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 359 In
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 361 In
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 363 Be
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 365 TA
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 367 Ro
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EXERCISES 369 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 371 Physical Psychiatric
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8.6 SUMMARY 373 Percent Change in C
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REFERENCES 409 Applications Referen
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REFERENCES 411 Postmenopausal Women
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CHAPTER9 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION A
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9.2 THE REGRESSION MODEL 415 some e
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9.3 THE SAMPLE REGRESSION EQUATION
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EXERCISES EXERCISES 423 The Least-S
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EXERCISES 425 CoaguChek Hospital Co
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9.4 EVALUATING THE REGRESSION EQUAT
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION I
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION 4
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9.6 THE CORRELATION MODEL 445 9.6 T
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9.7 THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 447
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EXERCISES 455 is employed. We first
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EXERCISES 457 9.7.3 In the study by
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9.8 SOME PRECAUTIONS 459 X Y X Y 5.
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9.9 SUMMARY 461 variance, which tes
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9.7.3 t statistic for correlation c
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REFERENCES 487 A-4. ROBERT B. PARKE
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CHAPTER10 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND C
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Assumptions follows. 10.2 THE MULTI
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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EXERCISES 497 EXERCISES Obtain the
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EXERCISES 499 10.3.3 In a study of
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10.4 EVALUATING THE MULTIPLE REGRES
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10.5 USING THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION
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EXERCISES 509 and has an education
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10.6 THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION MODEL
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This equation may be used for estim
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EXERCISES 521 HIV DNA Blood (Y) HIV
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 10
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10.6.7 t statistic for testing hypo
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REFERENCES 537 4. Refer to the data
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CHAPTER11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SOME
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11.1 INTRODUCTION 541 TABLE 11.1.1
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11.2 QUALITATIVE INDEPENDENT VARIAB
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EXERCISES 557 11.2.1 For subjects u
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EXERCISES 559 11.2.4 Refer to Exerc
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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EXERCISES 565 CGAGE CGINCOME CGDUR
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EXERCISES 567 11.3.2 Machiel Naeije
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 569 REACTI
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 571 betwee
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 573 The LO
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 575 Standa
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 577 Parame
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 579 Model
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EXERCISES EXERCISES 581 Further Rea
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REFERENCES 597 KNOW ¼ Knowledge. S
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REFERENCES 599 A-26. EITHNE MULLOYa
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12.1 INTRODUCTION 12.2 THE MATHEMAT
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12.2 THE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES OF
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 605 W
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 607 x
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 609 9
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that the first expected frequency i
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 613 T
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 615 V
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EXERCISES 617 EXERCISES 12.3.1 The
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 619 12.3
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Observed Versus Expected Frequencie
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 623 Comp
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 625 Note
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 627 9. C
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EXERCISES 629 Performed Baseline Te
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 631 TABLE
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 633 8. St
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EXERCISES 635 12.5.2 Coughlin et al
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Hypotheses alternatives. 12.6 THE F
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12.6 THE FISHER EXACT TEST 639 TABL
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12.7 RELATIVE RISK, ODDS RATIO, AND
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EXERCISES 653 Smoking_status * Obse
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12.8 SUMMARY 655 collected data on
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REFERENCES 667 12. R. LATSCHA, “T
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REFERENCES 669 A-35. CRAIG R. COHEN
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13.1 INTRODUCTION 671 2. be able to
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 673 13.3 THE SIG
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 675 TABLE 13.3.2
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 677 EXAMPLE 13.3
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 679 one sample i
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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EXERCISES 685 Dialog box: Session c
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13.5 THE MEDIAN TEST 687 TABLE 13.5
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EXERCISES 689 Dialog box: Session c
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EXAMPLE 13.6.1 A researcher designe
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13.6 THE MANN-WHITNEY TEST 693 to t
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13.6 THE MANN-WHITNEY TEST 695 Dial
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EXERCISES 697 deficit in Sprague-Da
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Assumptions the following: 1. The s
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13.7 THE KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV GOODNES
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EXERCISES 703 1.0 .9 Cumulative rel
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13.8 THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS ONE-WAY ANA
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13.8 THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS ONE-WAY ANA
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EXERCISES 709 Data: C1: 12.22 28.44
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EXERCISES 711 Improvement (Control)
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13.9 THE FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS
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13.9 THE FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS
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EXERCISES 717 Subject Area Student
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13.10 THE SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION
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EXERCISES 725 Rank by Rank by Area
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13.11 NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION ANAL
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13.11 NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION ANAL
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REFERENCES 747 cardiac operations.
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REFERENCES 749 A-14. WENDY GANTT an
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14.2 TIME-TO-EVENT DATA AND CENSORI
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14.3 THE KAPLAN-MEIER PROCEDURE 757
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14.3 THE KAPLAN-MEIER PROCEDURE 759
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EXERCISES 761 1.0 .8 73% Low-grade
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14.4 COMPARING SURVIVAL CURVES 763
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14.4 COMPARING SURVIVAL CURVES 765
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EXERCISES 767 EXERCISES 14.4.1 If a
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14.5 COX REGRESSION: THE PROPORTION
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14.5 COX REGRESSION: THE PROPORTION
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REFERENCES 777 REFERENCES Methodolo
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A-2 APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES C
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES A
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I-2 INDEX Confidence coefficient, 1
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I-4 INDEX Median test, 686-689 MINI
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I-6 INDEX SAS: and chi-square analy
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