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652 CHAPTER 12 THE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION AND THE ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCIES By Equation 12.7.6 we compute v 1 ¼ ð32Þð22Þð37Þð17Þ= ð2916Þð54 1Þ ¼ 2:87 v 2 ¼ ð64Þð24Þð68Þð20Þ= ð7744Þð88 1Þ ¼ 3:10 Finally, by Equation 12.7.7 we compute x 2 MH ð21 þ 50Þ 21:93 þ 49:45 ¼ ½ ð Þ 2:87 þ 3:10 Š2 ¼ .0242 8. Statistical decision. Since .0242 < 3:841, we fail to reject H 0 . 9. Conclusion. We conclude that there may not be an association between hypertension and the occurrence of OCAD. 10. p value. Since .0242 < 2:706, the p value for this test is p > .10. We now illustrate the calculation of the Mantel–Haenszel estimator of the common odds ratio. & EXAMPLE 12.7.4 Let us refer to the data in Table 12.7.6 and compute the common odds ratio. Solution: From the stratified data in Table 12.7.6 we compute the numerator of the ratio as follows: ða 1 d 1 =n 1 Þþða 2 d 2 =n 2 Þ ¼ ½ð21Þð6Þ=54Šþ½ð50Þð6Þ=88Š ¼ 5:7424 The denominator of the ratio is ðb 1 c 1 =n 1 Þþðb 2 c 2 =n 2 Þ ¼ ½ð11Þð16Þ=54Šþ½ð14Þð18Þ=88Š ¼ 6:1229 Now, by Equation 12.7.7, we compute the common odds ratio: cOR MH ¼ 5:7424 6:1229 ¼ .94 From these results we estimate that, regardless of age, patients who have hypertension are less likely to have OCAD than patients who do not have hypertension. & Hand calculation of the Mantel–Haenszel test statistics can prove to be a cumbersome task. Fortunately, the researcher can find relief in one of several statistical software packages that are available. To illustrate, results from the use of SPSS to process the data of Example 12.7.3 are shown in Figure 12.7.3. These results differ from those given in the example because of rounding error.
EXERCISES 653 Smoking_status * Obsesity_status * Stratum Cross-Tabulation Count Obesity status Stratum Cases Noncases Total 55 and under Smoking_status Smoked throughout 21 11 32 Never smoked 16 6 22 Total 37 17 54 Over 55 Smoking_status Smoked throughout 50 14 64 Never smoked 18 6 24 Total 68 20 88 Tests of Conditional Independence Asymp. Sig. Chi-Squared df (2-sided) Cochran's .025 1 .875 Mantel-Haenszel .002 1 .961 Mantel–Haenszel Common Odds Ratio Estimate Estimate .938 In(Estimate) .064 Std. Error of In(Estimate) .412 Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) .876 Asymp. 95% confidence Common Odds Lower Bound .418 Interval Ratio Upper Bound 2.102 In(Common) Lower Bound .871 Odds Ratio) Upper Bound .743 FIGURE 12.7.3 SPSS output for Example 12.7.3. EXERCISES 12.7.1 Davy et al. (A-19) reported the results of a study involving survival from cervical cancer. The researchers found that among subjects younger than age 50, 16 of 371 subjects had not survived for 1 year after diagnosis. In subjects age 50 or older, 219 of 376 had not survived for 1 year after diagnosis. Compute the relative risk of death among subjects age 50 or older. Does it appear from these data that older subjects diagnosed as having cervical cancer are prone to higher mortality rates?
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TENTH EDITION BIOSTATISTICS A Found
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VP & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER: ACQUISITI
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PREFACE This 10th edition of Biosta
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PREFACE ix SUPPLEMENTS Instructor
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BRIEF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO BI
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xiv CONTENTS 6.3 The t Distribution
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CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATIST
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1.2 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 3 Sources o
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1.3 MEASUREMENT AND MEASUREMENT SCA
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1.4 SAMPLING AND STATISTICAL INFERE
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1.5 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE D
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1.6 COMPUTERS AND BIOSTATISTICAL AN
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 17 a
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CHAPTER2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS CHA
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2.2 THE ORDERED ARRAY 21 TABLE 2.2.
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2.3 GROUPED DATA: THE FREQUENCY DIS
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EXERCISES 31 3 ¼ an abundance of s
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EXERCISES 33 25.21 30.49 27.38 36.4
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EXERCISES 35 2.3.7 In a study of ph
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EXERCISES 37 0.6870 0.6900 0.6910 0
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2.4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: MEASURE
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EXERCISES 53 2.5.1 Porcellini et al
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 2 5
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 57 R
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 59 1
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REFERENCES 63 DRINK TOUNCES TGRAMS
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CHAPTER3 SOME BASIC PROBABILITY CON
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3.2 TWO VIEWS OF PROBABILITY: OBJEC
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3.4 CALCULATING THE PROBABILITY OF
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EXERCISES 77 (d) If we pick a subje
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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EXERCISES 83 EXERCISES 3.5.1 A medi
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 87 (
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 89 i
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REFERENCES 91 Applications Referenc
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4.2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF DI
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 99 TA
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 101 E
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 103 f
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EXAMPLE 4.3.4 According to a June 2
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EXERCISES 107 Data: C1: 0 1 2 3 4 5
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 109 pr
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 111 or
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4.5 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBU
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4.5 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBU
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 117 .68
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 119 σ
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 121 _ 2
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4.7 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION APPLICATION
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TableD,wefindthattheareatotheleftof
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EXERCISES 127 Data: C1:-3-2-10123 D
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 4 S
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 131
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REFERENCES 133 REFERENCES Methodolo
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5.2 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 135 voca
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5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN
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5.4 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENCE
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EXERCISES 149 FIGURE 5.4.2 Sampling
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5.5 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE PROP
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EXERCISES 153 51 percent had adequa
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CHAPTER6 ESTIMATION CHAPTER OVERVIE
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6.1 INTRODUCTION 163 We will find t
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6.2 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR A POPUL
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6.3 THE t DISTRIBUTION 171 someone
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6.3 THE t DISTRIBUTION 173 Normal d
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EXERCISES 175 Yes Population normal
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6.4 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE DIF
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EXERCISES 183 EXERCISES R Code: > t
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6.7 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FO
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6.8 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FO
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6.9 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE VAR
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6.9 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE VAR
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EXERCISES 197 x 2 1 ða=2Þ ¼ 14:4
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6.10 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE RA
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6.10 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE RA
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REFERENCES 211 3. W. V. BEHRENS,
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REFERENCES 213 A-30. ELENI KOUSTA,
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 215 7.1 INTRODUCTI
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 217 question: Can
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 219 DEFINITION The
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 221 Evaluate data
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7.2 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: A SINGLE PO
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EXERCISES 233 Dialog box: Session c
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EXERCISES 235 7.2.10 Following a we
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7.3 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE DIFFERE
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EXAMPLE 7.3.2 The purpose of a stud
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EXERCISES 245 The SAS System The TT
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EXERCISES 247 Primary Hypertensive
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 249 7.3.10 R
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 251 where d
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 253 a = .05
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EXERCISES 255 7.4.1 Ellen Davis Jon
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EXERCISES 263 MINITAB Output Test a
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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EXERCISES 271 EXERCISES In the foll
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7.9 THE TYPE II ERROR AND THE POWER
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7.9 THE TYPE II ERROR AND THE POWER
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7.10 DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE TO CON
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EXERCISES 279 We set the right-hand
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REFERENCES 301 A-17. JOHN S. MORLEY
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REFERENCES 303 A-56. LUIGI BENINI,
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 305 8.1 INTRODUCTI
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 307 who received d
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8.2 THE COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIG
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Dependent Variable: Selenium Tukey
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EXERCISES 329 Elbow Angle (Degrees)
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EXERCISES 331 Age Groups (Years) Ag
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EXERCISES 333 Group 1 Group 2 Group
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Objective The objective in using th
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8.3 THE RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK D
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EXERCISES 343 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 345 group were randomly a
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8.4 THE REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN 34
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EXERCISES 357 Is there sufficient e
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 359 In
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 361 In
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 363 Be
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 365 TA
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 367 Ro
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EXERCISES 369 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 371 Physical Psychiatric
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8.6 SUMMARY 373 Percent Change in C
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REFERENCES 409 Applications Referen
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REFERENCES 411 Postmenopausal Women
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CHAPTER9 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION A
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9.2 THE REGRESSION MODEL 415 some e
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9.3 THE SAMPLE REGRESSION EQUATION
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EXERCISES EXERCISES 423 The Least-S
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EXERCISES 425 CoaguChek Hospital Co
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9.4 EVALUATING THE REGRESSION EQUAT
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION I
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION 4
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9.6 THE CORRELATION MODEL 445 9.6 T
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9.7 THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 447
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EXERCISES 455 is employed. We first
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EXERCISES 457 9.7.3 In the study by
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9.8 SOME PRECAUTIONS 459 X Y X Y 5.
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9.9 SUMMARY 461 variance, which tes
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9.7.3 t statistic for correlation c
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REFERENCES 487 A-4. ROBERT B. PARKE
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CHAPTER10 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND C
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Assumptions follows. 10.2 THE MULTI
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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EXERCISES 497 EXERCISES Obtain the
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EXERCISES 499 10.3.3 In a study of
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10.4 EVALUATING THE MULTIPLE REGRES
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10.5 USING THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION
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EXERCISES 509 and has an education
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10.6 THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION MODEL
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This equation may be used for estim
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EXERCISES 521 HIV DNA Blood (Y) HIV
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 10
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10.6.7 t statistic for testing hypo
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REFERENCES 537 4. Refer to the data
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CHAPTER11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SOME
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11.1 INTRODUCTION 541 TABLE 11.1.1
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11.2 QUALITATIVE INDEPENDENT VARIAB
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EXERCISES 557 11.2.1 For subjects u
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EXERCISES 559 11.2.4 Refer to Exerc
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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EXERCISES 565 CGAGE CGINCOME CGDUR
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EXERCISES 567 11.3.2 Machiel Naeije
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 569 REACTI
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 571 betwee
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 573 The LO
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 575 Standa
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 577 Parame
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 579 Model
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EXERCISES EXERCISES 581 Further Rea
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REFERENCES 597 KNOW ¼ Knowledge. S
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REFERENCES 599 A-26. EITHNE MULLOYa
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EXERCISES 703 1.0 .9 Cumulative rel
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13.8 THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS ONE-WAY ANA
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13.8 THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS ONE-WAY ANA
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EXERCISES 709 Data: C1: 12.22 28.44
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EXERCISES 711 Improvement (Control)
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13.9 THE FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS
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13.9 THE FRIEDMAN TWO-WAY ANALYSIS
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EXERCISES 717 Subject Area Student
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13.10 THE SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION
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EXERCISES 725 Rank by Rank by Area
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13.11 NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION ANAL
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13.11 NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION ANAL
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REFERENCES 747 cardiac operations.
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REFERENCES 749 A-14. WENDY GANTT an
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14.2 TIME-TO-EVENT DATA AND CENSORI
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14.3 THE KAPLAN-MEIER PROCEDURE 757
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14.3 THE KAPLAN-MEIER PROCEDURE 759
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EXERCISES 761 1.0 .8 73% Low-grade
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14.4 COMPARING SURVIVAL CURVES 763
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14.4 COMPARING SURVIVAL CURVES 765
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EXERCISES 767 EXERCISES 14.4.1 If a
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14.5 COX REGRESSION: THE PROPORTION
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14.5 COX REGRESSION: THE PROPORTION
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REFERENCES 777 REFERENCES Methodolo
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A-2 APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES C
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES A
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I-2 INDEX Confidence coefficient, 1
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I-4 INDEX Median test, 686-689 MINI
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I-6 INDEX SAS: and chi-square analy
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