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738 CHAPTER 13 NONPARAMETRIC AND DISTRIBUTION-FREE STATISTICS (c) Formulate relevant hypotheses, perform the appropriate tests, and find p values. (d) State the statistical decisions and clinical conclusions that the results of your hypothesis tests justify. (e) Describe the population(s) to which you think your inferences are applicable. (f) State the assumptions necessary for the validity of your analyses. 15. The purpose of a study by Damm et al. (A-17) was to investigate insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in women with previous gestational diabetes (GDM). Subjects were 12 normal-weight glucose-tolerant women (mean age, 36.6 years; standard deviation, 4.16) with previous gestational diabetes and 11 controls (mean age, 35 years; standard deviation, 3.3). Among the data collected were the following fasting plasma insulin values (mmol/L). Use the Mann–Whitney test to determine if you can conclude on the basis of these data that the two populations represented differ with respect to average fasting plasma insulin level. Controls Previous GDM Controls Previous GDM 46.25 30.00 40.00 31.25 40.00 41.25 30.00 56.25 31.25 56.25 51.25 61.25 38.75 45.00 32.50 50.00 41.25 46.25 43.75 53.75 38.75 46.25 62.50 Source: Data provided courtesy of Dr. Peter Damm. 16. Gutin et al. (A-18) compared three measures of body composition, including dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Subjects were apparently healthy children (21 boys and 22 girls) between the ages of 9 and 11 years. Among the data collected were the following measurements of bodycomposition compartments by DXA. The investigators were interested in the correlation between all possible pairs of these variables. Percent Fat Fat Mass Fat-Free Mass Bone Mineral Content Fat-Free Soft Tissue 11.35 3.8314 29.9440 1.19745 28.7465 22.90 6.4398 21.6805 0.79250 20.8880 12.70 4.0072 27.6290 0.95620 26.6728 42.20 24.0329 32.9164 1.45740 31.4590 24.85 9.4303 28.5009 1.32505 27.1758 26.25 9.4292 26.4344 1.17412 25.2603 23.80 8.4171 26.9938 1.11230 25.8815 37.40 20.2313 33.8573 1.40790 32.4494 14.00 3.9892 24.4939 0.95505 23.5388 19.35 7.2981 30.3707 1.45545 28.9153 29.35 11.1863 26.8933 1.17775 25.7156 (Continued)
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 739 Percent Fat Fat Mass Fat-Free Mass Bone Mineral Content Fat-Free Soft Tissue 18.05 5.8449 26.5341 1.13820 25.3959 13.95 4.6777 28.9144 1.23730 27.6771 32.85 13.2474 27.0849 1.17515 25.9097 11.40 3.7912 29.5245 1.42780 28.0967 9.60 3.2831 30.8228 1.14840 29.6744 20.90 7.2277 27.3302 1.24890 26.0813 44.70 25.7246 31.8461 1.51800 30.3281 17.10 5.1219 24.8233 0.84985 23.9734 16.50 5.0749 25.7040 1.09240 24.6116 14.35 5.0341 30.0228 1.40080 28.6220 15.45 4.8695 26.6403 1.07285 25.5674 28.15 10.6715 27.2746 1.24320 26.0314 18.35 5.3847 23.9875 0.94965 23.0379 15.10 5.6724 31.9637 1.32300 30.6407 37.75 25.8342 42.6004 1.88340 40.7170 39.05 19.6950 30.7579 1.50540 29.2525 22.25 7.2755 25.4560 0.88025 24.5757 15.50 4.4964 24.4888 0.96500 23.5238 14.10 4.3088 26.2401 1.17000 25.0701 26.65 11.3263 31.2088 1.48685 29.7219 20.25 8.0265 31.5657 1.50715 30.0586 23.55 10.1197 32.8385 1.34090 31.4976 46.65 24.7954 28.3651 1.22575 27.1394 30.55 10.0462 22.8647 1.01055 21.8541 26.80 9.5499 26.0645 1.05615 25.0083 28.10 9.4096 24.1042 0.97540 23.1288 24.55 14.5113 44.6181 2.17690 42.4412 17.85 6.6987 30.8043 1.23525 29.5690 20.90 6.5967 24.9693 0.97875 23.9905 33.00 12.3689 25.1049 0.96725 24.1377 44.00 26.1997 33.3471 1.42985 31.9172 19.00 5.0785 21.6926 0.78090 20.9117 Source: Data provided courtesy of Dr. Mark Litaker. 17. The concern of a study by Crim et al. (A-19) was the potential role of flow cytometric analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in diagnosing acute lung rejection. The investigators note that previous studies suggested an association of acute lung rejection with increases in CD8þ lymphocytes, and increased expression of human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-DR antigen and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R). Subjects consisted of lung transplant (LT) recipients who had no histologic evidence of rejection or infection, normal human volunteers (NORM), healthy heart transplant (HT) recipient volunteers, and lung transplant recipients who were experiencing acute lung rejection (AR). Among the data collected were the following percentages of BALF CD8þ lymphocytes that also express IL-2R observed in the four groups of subjects.
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TENTH EDITION BIOSTATISTICS A Found
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VP & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER: ACQUISITI
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PREFACE This 10th edition of Biosta
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PREFACE ix SUPPLEMENTS Instructor
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BRIEF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO BI
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xiv CONTENTS 6.3 The t Distribution
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CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATIST
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1.2 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 3 Sources o
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1.3 MEASUREMENT AND MEASUREMENT SCA
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1.4 SAMPLING AND STATISTICAL INFERE
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1.5 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE D
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1.6 COMPUTERS AND BIOSTATISTICAL AN
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 17 a
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CHAPTER2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS CHA
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2.2 THE ORDERED ARRAY 21 TABLE 2.2.
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2.3 GROUPED DATA: THE FREQUENCY DIS
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EXERCISES 31 3 ¼ an abundance of s
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EXERCISES 33 25.21 30.49 27.38 36.4
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EXERCISES 35 2.3.7 In a study of ph
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EXERCISES 37 0.6870 0.6900 0.6910 0
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2.4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: MEASURE
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EXERCISES 53 2.5.1 Porcellini et al
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 2 5
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 57 R
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 59 1
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REFERENCES 63 DRINK TOUNCES TGRAMS
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CHAPTER3 SOME BASIC PROBABILITY CON
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3.2 TWO VIEWS OF PROBABILITY: OBJEC
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3.4 CALCULATING THE PROBABILITY OF
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EXERCISES 77 (d) If we pick a subje
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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EXERCISES 83 EXERCISES 3.5.1 A medi
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 87 (
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 89 i
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REFERENCES 91 Applications Referenc
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4.2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF DI
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 99 TA
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 101 E
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 103 f
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EXAMPLE 4.3.4 According to a June 2
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EXERCISES 107 Data: C1: 0 1 2 3 4 5
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 109 pr
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 111 or
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4.5 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBU
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4.5 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBU
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 117 .68
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 119 σ
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 121 _ 2
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4.7 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION APPLICATION
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TableD,wefindthattheareatotheleftof
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EXERCISES 127 Data: C1:-3-2-10123 D
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 4 S
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 131
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REFERENCES 133 REFERENCES Methodolo
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5.2 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 135 voca
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5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN
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5.4 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENCE
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EXERCISES 149 FIGURE 5.4.2 Sampling
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5.5 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE PROP
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EXERCISES 153 51 percent had adequa
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CHAPTER6 ESTIMATION CHAPTER OVERVIE
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6.1 INTRODUCTION 163 We will find t
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6.2 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR A POPUL
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6.3 THE t DISTRIBUTION 171 someone
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6.3 THE t DISTRIBUTION 173 Normal d
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EXERCISES 175 Yes Population normal
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6.4 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE DIF
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EXERCISES 183 EXERCISES R Code: > t
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6.7 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FO
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6.8 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FO
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6.9 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE VAR
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6.9 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE VAR
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EXERCISES 197 x 2 1 ða=2Þ ¼ 14:4
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6.10 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE RA
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6.10 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE RA
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REFERENCES 211 3. W. V. BEHRENS,
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REFERENCES 213 A-30. ELENI KOUSTA,
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 215 7.1 INTRODUCTI
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 217 question: Can
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 219 DEFINITION The
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 221 Evaluate data
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7.2 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: A SINGLE PO
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EXERCISES 233 Dialog box: Session c
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EXERCISES 235 7.2.10 Following a we
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7.3 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE DIFFERE
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EXAMPLE 7.3.2 The purpose of a stud
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EXERCISES 245 The SAS System The TT
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EXERCISES 247 Primary Hypertensive
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 249 7.3.10 R
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 251 where d
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 253 a = .05
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EXERCISES 255 7.4.1 Ellen Davis Jon
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EXERCISES 263 MINITAB Output Test a
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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EXERCISES 271 EXERCISES In the foll
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7.9 THE TYPE II ERROR AND THE POWER
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7.9 THE TYPE II ERROR AND THE POWER
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7.10 DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE TO CON
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EXERCISES 279 We set the right-hand
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REFERENCES 301 A-17. JOHN S. MORLEY
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REFERENCES 303 A-56. LUIGI BENINI,
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 305 8.1 INTRODUCTI
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 307 who received d
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8.2 THE COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIG
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Dependent Variable: Selenium Tukey
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EXERCISES 329 Elbow Angle (Degrees)
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EXERCISES 331 Age Groups (Years) Ag
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EXERCISES 333 Group 1 Group 2 Group
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Objective The objective in using th
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8.3 THE RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK D
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EXERCISES 343 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 345 group were randomly a
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8.4 THE REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN 34
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EXERCISES 357 Is there sufficient e
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 359 In
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 361 In
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 363 Be
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 365 TA
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 367 Ro
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EXERCISES 369 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 371 Physical Psychiatric
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8.6 SUMMARY 373 Percent Change in C
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REFERENCES 409 Applications Referen
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REFERENCES 411 Postmenopausal Women
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CHAPTER9 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION A
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9.2 THE REGRESSION MODEL 415 some e
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9.3 THE SAMPLE REGRESSION EQUATION
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EXERCISES EXERCISES 423 The Least-S
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EXERCISES 425 CoaguChek Hospital Co
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9.4 EVALUATING THE REGRESSION EQUAT
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION I
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION 4
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9.6 THE CORRELATION MODEL 445 9.6 T
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9.7 THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 447
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EXERCISES 455 is employed. We first
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EXERCISES 457 9.7.3 In the study by
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9.8 SOME PRECAUTIONS 459 X Y X Y 5.
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9.9 SUMMARY 461 variance, which tes
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9.7.3 t statistic for correlation c
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REFERENCES 487 A-4. ROBERT B. PARKE
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CHAPTER10 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND C
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Assumptions follows. 10.2 THE MULTI
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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EXERCISES 497 EXERCISES Obtain the
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EXERCISES 499 10.3.3 In a study of
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10.4 EVALUATING THE MULTIPLE REGRES
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10.5 USING THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION
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EXERCISES 509 and has an education
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10.6 THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION MODEL
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This equation may be used for estim
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EXERCISES 521 HIV DNA Blood (Y) HIV
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 10
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10.6.7 t statistic for testing hypo
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REFERENCES 537 4. Refer to the data
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CHAPTER11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SOME
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11.1 INTRODUCTION 541 TABLE 11.1.1
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11.2 QUALITATIVE INDEPENDENT VARIAB
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EXERCISES 557 11.2.1 For subjects u
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EXERCISES 559 11.2.4 Refer to Exerc
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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EXERCISES 565 CGAGE CGINCOME CGDUR
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EXERCISES 567 11.3.2 Machiel Naeije
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 569 REACTI
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 571 betwee
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 573 The LO
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 575 Standa
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 577 Parame
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 579 Model
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EXERCISES EXERCISES 581 Further Rea
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 11
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REFERENCES 597 KNOW ¼ Knowledge. S
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REFERENCES 599 A-26. EITHNE MULLOYa
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12.1 INTRODUCTION 12.2 THE MATHEMAT
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12.2 THE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES OF
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 605 W
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 607 x
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 609 9
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that the first expected frequency i
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 613 T
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 615 V
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EXERCISES 617 EXERCISES 12.3.1 The
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 619 12.3
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Observed Versus Expected Frequencie
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 623 Comp
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 625 Note
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 627 9. C
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EXERCISES 629 Performed Baseline Te
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 631 TABLE
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 633 8. St
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EXERCISES 635 12.5.2 Coughlin et al
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Hypotheses alternatives. 12.6 THE F
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12.6 THE FISHER EXACT TEST 639 TABL
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12.7 RELATIVE RISK, ODDS RATIO, AND
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EXERCISES 653 Smoking_status * Obse
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12.8 SUMMARY 655 collected data on
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REFERENCES 667 12. R. LATSCHA, “T
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REFERENCES 669 A-35. CRAIG R. COHEN
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13.1 INTRODUCTION 671 2. be able to
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 673 13.3 THE SIG
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 675 TABLE 13.3.2
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 677 EXAMPLE 13.3
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 679 one sample i
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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EXERCISES 685 Dialog box: Session c
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Page 727 and 728: EXERCISES 709 Data: C1: 12.22 28.44
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Page 735 and 736: EXERCISES 717 Subject Area Student
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Page 743 and 744: EXERCISES 725 Rank by Rank by Area
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Page 749 and 750: SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 13
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A-10 APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES C
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES A
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I-2 INDEX Confidence coefficient, 1
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I-4 INDEX Median test, 686-689 MINI
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I-6 INDEX SAS: and chi-square analy
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Biostatistics

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