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Biostatistics

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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 361<br />

In the factorial experiment all the observations may be used to study the effects of<br />

each of the factors under investigation. The alternative, when two factors are being<br />

investigated, would be to conduct two different experiments, one to study each of the two<br />

factors. If this were done, some of the observations would yield information only on one of<br />

the factors, and the remainder would yield information only on the other factor. To achieve<br />

the level of accuracy of the factorial experiment, more experimental units would be needed<br />

if the factors were studied through two experiments. It is seen, then, that 1 two-factor<br />

experiment is more economical than 2 one-factor experiments.<br />

3. Because the various factors are combined in one experiment, the results have a wider<br />

range of application.<br />

The Two-Factor Completely Randomized Design A factorial<br />

arrangement may be studied with either of the designs that have been discussed. We<br />

illustrate the analysis of a factorial experiment by means of a two-factor completely<br />

randomized design.<br />

1. Data. The results from a two-factor completely randomized design may be presented<br />

in tabular form as shown in Table 8.5.3.<br />

Here we have a levels of factor A, b levels of factor B, and n observations for<br />

each combination of levels. Each of the ab combinations of levels of factor A with<br />

levels of factor B is a treatment. In addition to the totals and means shown in Table<br />

8.5.3, we note that the total and mean of the ijth cell are<br />

T ij ¼ Xn<br />

k¼1<br />

x ijk and x ij ¼ T ij=n<br />

TABLE 8.5.3 Table of Sample Data from a Two-Factor<br />

Completely Randomized Experiment<br />

Factor B<br />

Factor A 1 2 . . . b Totals Means<br />

1 x 111 x 121 ... x 1b1<br />

. . . . T 1:: x 1::<br />

x 11n x 12n ... x 1bn<br />

2 x 211 x 221 ... x 2b1<br />

. . . . T 2:: x 2::<br />

.<br />

.<br />

x 21n x 22n ... x 2bn<br />

. . . .<br />

. . . .<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

.<br />

a x a11 x a21 ... x ab1<br />

. . . . T a:: x a::<br />

x a1n x a2n ... x abn<br />

Totals T :1: T :2: ... T :b: T ...<br />

Means x :1: x :2: ... x :b: x ...

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