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744 CHAPTER 13 NONPARAMETRIC AND DISTRIBUTION-FREE STATISTICS 24. Velthuis et al. (A-26) conducted a study to evaluate whether the combination of passively immobilized heparin-coating and standard heparization can reduce complement activation in patients undergoing cardiac surgical intervention. The investigators note that heparin-coated extracorporeal circuits reduce complement activation during cardiac operations, but that little in vivo information is available on the reduction in alternative and classic pathway activation. Complement activation initiates a systemic inflammatory response during and after cardiac operations and is associated with pathophysiologic events such as postoperative cardiac depression, pulmonary capillary leakage, and hemolysis. Subjects were 20 patients undergoing elective cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) grafting randomly allocated to be treated with either heparin-coated extracorporeal circuits (H) or uncoated circuits (U). Among the data collected were the following plasma terminal complement complex (SC5b-9) concentrations at baseline, 10 minutes after start of CPB, at cessation of CPB, and after the administration of protamine sulfate: Patient Treatment Baseline 10 min CPB End CPB Protamine 1 U 0.37 0.81 1.88 2.12 2 U 0.48 0.73 3.28 3.31 3 U 0.48 0.42 2.94 1.46 4 H 0.37 0.44 1.28 3.82 5 H 0.38 0.31 0.50 0.68 6 U 0.38 0.43 1.39 5.04 7 H 0.46 0.57 1.03 1.29 8 H 0.32 0.35 0.75 1.10 9 U 0.41 0.94 1.57 2.53 10 U 0.37 0.38 2.07 1.69 11 H 0.48 0.33 1.12 1.04 12 H 0.39 0.39 1.69 1.62 13 U 0.27 0.41 1.28 2.26 14 H 0.51 0.27 1.17 1.05 15 H 0.97 0.75 1.82 1.31 16 U 0.53 1.57 4.49 2.15 17 U 0.41 0.47 1.60 1.87 18 U 0.46 0.65 1.49 1.24 19 H 0.75 0.78 1.49 1.57 20 H 0.64 0.52 2.11 2.44 Source: Data provided courtesy of Dr. Henk te Velthuis. 25. Heijdra et al. (A-27) state that many patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have low arterial oxygen saturation during the night. These investigators conducted a study to determine whether there is a causal relationship between respiratory muscle dysfunction and nocturnal saturation. Subjects were 20 (five females, 15 males) patients with COPD randomly assigned to receive either target-flow inspiratory muscle training (TF-IMT) at 60 percent of their maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (PI max ) or sham TF-IMT at 10 percent of PI max . Among the data collected were the following endurance times (Time, s) for each subject at the beginning of training and 10 weeks later:
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 745 Time (s) TF-IMT 60% PI max Time (s) TF-IMT 10% PI max Week 0 Week 10 Week 0 Week 10 330 544 430 476 400 590 400 320 720 624 900 650 249 330 420 330 144 369 679 486 440 789 522 369 440 459 116 110 289 529 450 474 819 1099 570 700 540 930 199 259 Source: Data provided courtesy of Dr. Yvonne F. Heijdra. 26. The three objectives of a study by Wolkin et al. (A-28) were to determine (a) the effects of chronic haloperidol treatment on cerebral metabolism in schizophrenic patients, (b) the relation between negative symptoms and haloperidol-induced regional changes in cerebral glucose utilization, and (c) the relation between metabolic change and clinical antipsychotic effect. Subjects were 18 male veterans’ hospital inpatients (10 black, five white, and three Hispanic) with either acute or chronic decompensation of schizophrenia. Subjects ranged in age from 26 to 44 years, and their duration of illness ranged from 7 to 27 years. Among the data collected were the following pretreatment scores on the digit-symbol substitution subtest of the WAIS-R (DSY1RW) and haloperidol-induced change in absolute left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLLA3V1) and absolute right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLRA3V1) measured in units of mmol glucose/100 g tissue/min: DSY1RW DLLA3V1 DLRA3V1 DSY1RW DLLA3V1 DLRA3V1 47 7:97 17:17 18 4:91 9:58 16 8:08 9:59 0 1:71 .40 31 10:15 11:58 29 4:62 4:57 34 5:46 2:16 17 9.48 11.31 22 17:12 12:95 38 6:59 6:47 70 12:12 13:01 64 12:19 13:61 59 9:70 12:61 52 15:13 11:81 41 9:02 7:48 50 10:82 9:45 0 4.67 7.26 62 4:92 1:87 Source: Data provided courtesy of Dr. Adam Wolkin. 27. The purpose of a study by Maltais et al. (A-29) was to compare and correlate the increase in arterial lactic acid (La) during exercise and the oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and control subjects (C). There were nine subjects in each group. The mean age of the patients was 62 years with a standard deviation of 5. Control subjects had a mean age of 54 years with a standard deviation of 3. Among the data collected were the
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TENTH EDITION BIOSTATISTICS A Found
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VP & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER: ACQUISITI
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PREFACE This 10th edition of Biosta
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PREFACE ix SUPPLEMENTS Instructor
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BRIEF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO BI
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xiv CONTENTS 6.3 The t Distribution
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CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATIST
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1.2 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 3 Sources o
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1.3 MEASUREMENT AND MEASUREMENT SCA
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1.4 SAMPLING AND STATISTICAL INFERE
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1.5 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE D
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1.6 COMPUTERS AND BIOSTATISTICAL AN
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 17 a
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CHAPTER2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS CHA
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2.2 THE ORDERED ARRAY 21 TABLE 2.2.
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2.3 GROUPED DATA: THE FREQUENCY DIS
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EXERCISES 31 3 ¼ an abundance of s
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EXERCISES 33 25.21 30.49 27.38 36.4
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EXERCISES 35 2.3.7 In a study of ph
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EXERCISES 37 0.6870 0.6900 0.6910 0
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2.4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: MEASURE
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EXERCISES 53 2.5.1 Porcellini et al
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 2 5
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 57 R
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 59 1
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REFERENCES 63 DRINK TOUNCES TGRAMS
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CHAPTER3 SOME BASIC PROBABILITY CON
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3.2 TWO VIEWS OF PROBABILITY: OBJEC
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3.4 CALCULATING THE PROBABILITY OF
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EXERCISES 77 (d) If we pick a subje
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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3.5 BAYES’ THEOREM, SCREENING TES
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EXERCISES 83 EXERCISES 3.5.1 A medi
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 87 (
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 89 i
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REFERENCES 91 Applications Referenc
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4.2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF DI
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 99 TA
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 101 E
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4.3 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 103 f
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EXAMPLE 4.3.4 According to a June 2
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EXERCISES 107 Data: C1: 0 1 2 3 4 5
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 109 pr
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4.4 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 111 or
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4.5 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBU
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4.5 CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBU
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 117 .68
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 119 σ
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4.6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 121 _ 2
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4.7 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION APPLICATION
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TableD,wefindthattheareatotheleftof
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EXERCISES 127 Data: C1:-3-2-10123 D
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 4 S
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 131
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REFERENCES 133 REFERENCES Methodolo
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5.2 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 135 voca
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5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN
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5.4 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENCE
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EXERCISES 149 FIGURE 5.4.2 Sampling
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5.5 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE PROP
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EXERCISES 153 51 percent had adequa
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CHAPTER6 ESTIMATION CHAPTER OVERVIE
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6.1 INTRODUCTION 163 We will find t
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6.2 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR A POPUL
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6.3 THE t DISTRIBUTION 171 someone
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6.3 THE t DISTRIBUTION 173 Normal d
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EXERCISES 175 Yes Population normal
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6.4 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE DIF
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EXERCISES 183 EXERCISES R Code: > t
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6.7 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FO
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6.8 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE FO
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6.9 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE VAR
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6.9 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE VAR
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EXERCISES 197 x 2 1 ða=2Þ ¼ 14:4
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6.10 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE RA
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6.10 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE RA
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REFERENCES 211 3. W. V. BEHRENS,
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REFERENCES 213 A-30. ELENI KOUSTA,
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 215 7.1 INTRODUCTI
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 217 question: Can
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 219 DEFINITION The
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7.1 INTRODUCTION 221 Evaluate data
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7.2 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: A SINGLE PO
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EXERCISES 233 Dialog box: Session c
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EXERCISES 235 7.2.10 Following a we
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7.3 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE DIFFERE
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EXAMPLE 7.3.2 The purpose of a stud
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EXERCISES 245 The SAS System The TT
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EXERCISES 247 Primary Hypertensive
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 249 7.3.10 R
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 251 where d
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7.4 PAIRED COMPARISONS 253 a = .05
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EXERCISES 255 7.4.1 Ellen Davis Jon
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EXERCISES 263 MINITAB Output Test a
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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7.8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING: THE RATIO O
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EXERCISES 271 EXERCISES In the foll
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7.9 THE TYPE II ERROR AND THE POWER
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7.9 THE TYPE II ERROR AND THE POWER
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7.10 DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE TO CON
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EXERCISES 279 We set the right-hand
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REFERENCES 301 A-17. JOHN S. MORLEY
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REFERENCES 303 A-56. LUIGI BENINI,
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 305 8.1 INTRODUCTI
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8.1 INTRODUCTION 307 who received d
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8.2 THE COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIG
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Dependent Variable: Selenium Tukey
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EXERCISES 329 Elbow Angle (Degrees)
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EXERCISES 331 Age Groups (Years) Ag
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EXERCISES 333 Group 1 Group 2 Group
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Objective The objective in using th
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8.3 THE RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK D
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EXERCISES 343 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 345 group were randomly a
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8.4 THE REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN 34
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EXERCISES 357 Is there sufficient e
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 359 In
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 361 In
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 363 Be
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 365 TA
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8.5 THE FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT 367 Ro
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EXERCISES 369 The SAS System Analys
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EXERCISES 371 Physical Psychiatric
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8.6 SUMMARY 373 Percent Change in C
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REFERENCES 409 Applications Referen
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REFERENCES 411 Postmenopausal Women
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CHAPTER9 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION A
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9.2 THE REGRESSION MODEL 415 some e
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9.3 THE SAMPLE REGRESSION EQUATION
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EXERCISES EXERCISES 423 The Least-S
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EXERCISES 425 CoaguChek Hospital Co
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9.4 EVALUATING THE REGRESSION EQUAT
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION I
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9.5 USING THE REGRESSION EQUATION 4
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9.6 THE CORRELATION MODEL 445 9.6 T
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9.7 THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 447
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EXERCISES 455 is employed. We first
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EXERCISES 457 9.7.3 In the study by
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9.8 SOME PRECAUTIONS 459 X Y X Y 5.
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9.9 SUMMARY 461 variance, which tes
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9.7.3 t statistic for correlation c
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REFERENCES 487 A-4. ROBERT B. PARKE
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CHAPTER10 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND C
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Assumptions follows. 10.2 THE MULTI
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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10.3 OBTAINING THE MULTIPLE REGRESS
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EXERCISES 497 EXERCISES Obtain the
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EXERCISES 499 10.3.3 In a study of
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10.4 EVALUATING THE MULTIPLE REGRES
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10.5 USING THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION
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EXERCISES 509 and has an education
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10.6 THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION MODEL
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This equation may be used for estim
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EXERCISES 521 HIV DNA Blood (Y) HIV
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 10
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10.6.7 t statistic for testing hypo
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REFERENCES 537 4. Refer to the data
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CHAPTER11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SOME
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11.1 INTRODUCTION 541 TABLE 11.1.1
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11.2 QUALITATIVE INDEPENDENT VARIAB
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EXERCISES 557 11.2.1 For subjects u
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EXERCISES 559 11.2.4 Refer to Exerc
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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11.3 VARIABLE SELECTION PROCEDURES
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EXERCISES 565 CGAGE CGINCOME CGDUR
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EXERCISES 567 11.3.2 Machiel Naeije
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 569 REACTI
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 571 betwee
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 573 The LO
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 575 Standa
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 577 Parame
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11.4 LOGISTIC REGRESSION 579 Model
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EXERCISES EXERCISES 581 Further Rea
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SUMMARY OF FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER 11
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REFERENCES 597 KNOW ¼ Knowledge. S
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REFERENCES 599 A-26. EITHNE MULLOYa
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12.1 INTRODUCTION 12.2 THE MATHEMAT
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12.2 THE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES OF
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 605 W
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 607 x
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 609 9
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that the first expected frequency i
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 613 T
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12.3 TESTS OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT 615 V
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EXERCISES 617 EXERCISES 12.3.1 The
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 619 12.3
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Observed Versus Expected Frequencie
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 623 Comp
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 625 Note
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12.4 TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE 627 9. C
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EXERCISES 629 Performed Baseline Te
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 631 TABLE
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12.5 TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY 633 8. St
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EXERCISES 635 12.5.2 Coughlin et al
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Hypotheses alternatives. 12.6 THE F
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12.6 THE FISHER EXACT TEST 639 TABL
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12.7 RELATIVE RISK, ODDS RATIO, AND
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EXERCISES 653 Smoking_status * Obse
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12.8 SUMMARY 655 collected data on
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REFERENCES 667 12. R. LATSCHA, “T
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REFERENCES 669 A-35. CRAIG R. COHEN
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13.1 INTRODUCTION 671 2. be able to
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 673 13.3 THE SIG
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 675 TABLE 13.3.2
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 677 EXAMPLE 13.3
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13.3 THE SIGN TEST 679 one sample i
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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13.4 THE WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
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13.5 THE MEDIAN TEST 687 TABLE 13.5
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EXAMPLE 13.6.1 A researcher designe
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A-16 APPENDIX STATISTICAL TABLES
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES C
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES A
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I-2 INDEX Confidence coefficient, 1
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I-4 INDEX Median test, 686-689 MINI
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I-6 INDEX SAS: and chi-square analy
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Biostatistics

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