WAR

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diving or rough handling. Once the fabric was split the slipstream got under it and ripped it away. The problem was a critical one, but fortunately few fatalities resulted from it, and by the summer of 1918, when the problem had been overcome, most U. S. squadrons flying the 28 had switched to Spads. Roughly 300 of the 28's were purchased by the AEF and it has the honor of being the machine with which the first "all-American" victories were achieved. Nieuport 28
On March 29, James Norman Hall arrived at the 94th. Hall was another of those rare birds, a fighter pilot who was a college graduate, having taken his Ph.B. at Grinnell College in 1910. When the war broke out he was on a bicycle trip through England and he promptly enlisted in the 9th Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers. He spent most of 1915 in the trenches at Loos, Messines, and "Plugstreet" Wood, where he served so creditably that he was selected for officer's training. He was suddenly given an honorable discharge, however, and returned home to find that friends of the family had arranged the discharge because his father was seriously ill. When his father recovered, Hall returned to Europe in the summer of 1916 and on October 11 enlisted in the French air service. He trained at Buc, Avord, and Le Plessis-Belleville and was assigned to the Escadrille Lafayette on June 16, 1917. He was wounded and brought down ten days later during a fight against heavy odds and spent the summer in hospital. On October 3, 1917, he returned to the Lafayette and stayed with the outfit during the period of transition, in early 1918, when it was absorbed into the U. S. Air Service as the 103rd Aero Squadron. Hall was commissioned a Captain on February 7, 1918, and as an experienced pilot was brought into the 94th as a flight commander. In May, with his score standing at six confirmed victories, be became one of the victims of the Nieuport weakness. While diving on an enemy machine near Ponta-Mousson, the fabric on the upper wing tore off and he fell a considerable distance out of control. He had just succeeded in regaining his equilibrium when he was hit by ground fire and crashed near Pagny-sur-Moselle. Hall spent the rest of the war as a prisoner. Repatriated after the Armistice he settled in Tahiti where, in collaboration with Charles Nordhoff, he later wrote the Bounty Trilogy. By the time Hall joined the 94th as a flight commander the squadron had already made its first flight over the lines. On March 19. Major Lufbery took Lieutenants Campbell and Rickenbacker across for a look. Eagerly questioned by their squadron mates on their return, Rickenbacker and Campbell said it was pretty interesting but there had been no German planes. Lufbery smiled and said he'd seen half a dozen. Gervais Raoul Lufbery was the classic soldier of fortune. A bit old to be a fighter pilot, he was 30 when he was accepted for flying training. He was born in 1885 in France, in Clermont-Ferrand, the capital of the ancient province of Auvergne. It is said he must have inherited the moody disposition of the people of those mountains, if not from his parents, who did not raise him, then from relatives who did. His father had adopted American citizenship before the boy was born and gone to America to try his fortunes when the boy was six. Lufbery's mother had died when he was one, and so he was left with relatives when his father sailed for America. At 19, set off for the U. S. Lufbery decided he would see the world and by way of the Balkans, Turkey and North Africa. He arrived in New York on the same day that his father sailed to Europe on business and they never met again. Lufbery banged around the U. S. and Cuba, and on the strength of his father's citizenship joined the army for a two-year hitch in the Philippines, 1908-1910. 165
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*»&%gp&iiqfc THE MEN AND MACHINES
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Hanriot H-D 1 • France (here in B
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Photograph by Beverly Lebarrow
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COPYRIGHT © 1965 BY THOMAS R. FUND
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In acknowledging the help he has re
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the great war, as every schoolboy k
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perseverance have been beyond all p
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: ; o COLOGNE MAP Showing the Salie
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"A EUROPEAN WAR" "Never before the
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an American, Charles J. Biddle, of
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From 1300 metres the country is spr
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Pegoud
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In the autumn of 1913 Pegoud gave a
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In layout the new monoplane somewha
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Aviatik B I
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— — grudziadz is a town on the
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Stationed in home country near Bres
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Roland Garros *«« . •—;-*.;-
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twins jean and Pierre navarre were
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One day on a reconnaissance flight
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Pilot and observer/gunner in Halber
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in February of 1915 Roland Garros r
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so became enthusiastic about flying
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them disappeared in the direction o
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one of navarre's closest friends wa
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— CO. condemning the ship the men
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iefed their mechanics and packed th
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although Kriegszeitung stated expli
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ehind the British lines near Arras
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Boelckc returned to Douai in Decemb
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artillery-spotting that they didn't
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an American ace who flew in British
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The same day two other men from the
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observer seized his Parabellum and
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"THE INEVITABLE RESULT" "As I have
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21, 1916, the German Fifth Army beg
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— — * * * since the Germans hel
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among the flying personnel assemble
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on june 17, 1916, Navarre, Pivolo,
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— hnmelmann On June 18, 1916, obs
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en route to verdun the end of Febru
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5- 3 a*i& rT& A striking demonstrat
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late in 1915 the Halberstadt Aeropl
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Seven such units were initially pro
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the quality of disinterestedness wi
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The results were uniformly nil, but
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11,000 and about 7 p.m. saw a hosti
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British machines reached their obje
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y January 1917 von Richthofen had a
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During the summer of 1916, two Nieu
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Ball was awarded the M.C. for his e
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from the beginning of 1917 a warnin
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. The aeroplane he had destroyed wa
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Bristol F.2 "Brisfit." 99
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On this day he had just taken off w
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The Sopwith Triplane appeared in sm
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Naval Ten was formed in February 19
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It would appear that the raid was a
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1 "Collishaw led a (second) offensi
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fast as the three machines spun aro
Page 134 and 135: — Hermann becker was born in Treb
Page 136 and 137: gilbert sardier of Clermont-Ferrand
Page 138 and 139: — the storks— Groupe de Combat
Page 140 and 141: no. 20 squadron rfc was a two-seate
Page 142 and 143: 122
Page 144 and 145: on the last day of July 1917, the T
Page 146 and 147: the last instant he would tilt his
Page 148 and 149: a powerful one, but that hardly mat
Page 150 and 151: in august 1917 Naval Ten switched f
Page 152 and 153: I "The Germans kept shooting at me
Page 154 and 155: mm me Caudion G.3. ktN erwe
Page 156 and 157: Commandant Brocard. 136
Page 158 and 159: Fonck was the best shot at the Fron
Page 161 and 162: "THE SUPREMACY OF THE AIR" "Despite
Page 163 and 164: "if von richthofen liked a man it w
Page 165 and 166: albert deullin was born in Epernay,
Page 167 and 168: tion, full motor and diving slightl
Page 169 and 170: Pfalz D III In the summer and autum
Page 171 and 172: was of the semi-monocoque method, i
Page 173 and 174: Nodding, von Richthofen turned to g
Page 175 and 176: when the battle of cambrai opened,
Page 177 and 178: Cerisy, a hamlet on the left bank o
Page 179 and 180: As the two machines ahead of him zi
Page 181 and 182: "Balloon strafing became highly dev
Page 183: eed Mckinley chambers was born at O
Page 187 and 188: Lufbery. Assuming command of the 94
Page 189 and 190: IN February 1918 Oberleutnant Adolf
Page 191 and 192: y the end of May both Douglas Campb
Page 193 and 194: — Brigadier General Everett R. Co
Page 195 and 196: Biddle.
Page 197 and 198: 177
Page 199 and 200: of the 95 Congressional Medals of H
Page 201 and 202: Rickenbackei eddie rickenbacker's o
Page 203 and 204: when hellmuth von zastrow began fly
Page 205 and 206: In August 1917 Theobald was posted
Page 207 and 208: — On October 1, 1917, at five o'c
Page 209 and 210: Sam, over two feet tall and acquire
Page 211: — climb all the way to ceiling go
Page 214: A dispatch from the Wolff Telegraph
Page 217 and 218: Gibbons, Floyd, The Red Knight of G
Page 219 and 220: 43,53, : : : Frantz: ix, 13, 15,26
Page 222 and 223: Spad 13 • France (here in Italian
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WAR

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