Customary Land Tenure in Liberia - Land Tenure and Property ...
Customary Land Tenure in Liberia - Land Tenure and Property ...
Customary Land Tenure in Liberia - Land Tenure and Property ...
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77<br />
knowledge of community members. We encountered many unresolved conflicts <strong>in</strong> clans where malfeasance<br />
was prom<strong>in</strong>ent. Unfortunately, there are no <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>in</strong> place to promote accountability or transparency<br />
with<strong>in</strong> the clans.<br />
5.4.6 Trends <strong>in</strong> Governance Authority over <strong>L<strong>and</strong></strong><br />
In the past few decades, there have been changes <strong>in</strong> both customary <strong>and</strong> statutory <strong>in</strong>stitutions. Community<br />
members reported that <strong>in</strong> the past, decisions from traditional authorities could not be challenged. Today,<br />
however, their legitimacy is challenged by many, <strong>and</strong> compliance is low, especially among the youth. Leaders<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d it difficult to enforce rules <strong>and</strong> regulations govern<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>and</strong>. For example, <strong>in</strong> some communities, we<br />
learned that elders‟ ability to enforce rules is decreas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> that their legitimacy as leaders is be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
questioned. This problem is compounded by the decreas<strong>in</strong>g ability of elders to enforce rules <strong>and</strong> regulations.<br />
Some youth are of the view that elders are biased <strong>in</strong> their decisions, especially on matters related to l<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Power dynamics also appear to be shift<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the studied clans, with youth <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly contest<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
authority of their parents <strong>and</strong> customary leaders. Overall, our research reveals that while <strong>in</strong> some areas<br />
customary authorities still comm<strong>and</strong> considerable respect over l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> natural resource matters <strong>and</strong> that<br />
compliance with the rules established <strong>and</strong> enforced by these authorities is fairly robust, <strong>in</strong> others compliance<br />
is very low. The sharpest perceptions of a decrease <strong>in</strong> compliance were found <strong>in</strong> Gbanshay, Saykleken, <strong>and</strong><br />
Ylan. Dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g respect for the authority of customary leaders – especially by the youth – seems to be<br />
result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> decreased compliance with customary rules for l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> natural resources. Reportedly, the war –<br />
coupled with persistent poverty – has seeded a culture of disobedience, though <strong>in</strong> other cases formal<br />
education <strong>and</strong> promotion of “human rights” 57 was blamed. In clans such as Gbanshay, Mana, Ylan,<br />
Saykleken, <strong>and</strong> Nitrian Community, the youth are <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly exert<strong>in</strong>g pressure on traditional rules for<br />
access<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> manag<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>and</strong>. The extent of weakened customary governance <strong>in</strong>stitutions varies spatially with<br />
authorities <strong>in</strong> more remote communities hav<strong>in</strong>g more authority <strong>and</strong> legitimacy. In some clans, such as Motor<br />
Road, D<strong>in</strong>g, Little Kola, <strong>and</strong> Saykleken, customary authorities are relatively well respected. In other areas,<br />
such as Ylan, Dobli, <strong>and</strong> Mana, where competition for l<strong>and</strong> is high, customary governance <strong>in</strong>stitutions are<br />
weaken<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> community members are seek<strong>in</strong>g alternative <strong>in</strong>stitutions to support their claims to l<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g a historical matrix exercise, members of Mana Clan used beans to show the decrease <strong>in</strong> compliance<br />
over time start<strong>in</strong>g with the President Tubman era <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>to the future. In all of the clans studied, there seemed<br />
to be a general decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> compliance over time with clan members expect<strong>in</strong>g compliance to become worse <strong>in</strong><br />
the future. In Ylan Clan, community members believe that compliance will improve <strong>in</strong> the future as<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions of governance become more effective with government <strong>in</strong>tervention.<br />
Figure 5.1: Compliance with rules over time <strong>in</strong> Mana Clan<br />
Variable Tubman Tolbert Doe Taylor Johnson-<br />
Sirleaf<br />
Compliance<br />
with Rules<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
••••••<br />
•<br />
•••••<br />
•••••<br />
•••••<br />
•••••<br />
•<br />
Future (+10<br />
Years)<br />
•••••• •• •<br />
The war may be one of the factors galvaniz<strong>in</strong>g youth empowerment while also weaken<strong>in</strong>g traditional social<br />
<strong>and</strong> normative structures. Some of the people we <strong>in</strong>terviewed suggested that the war transformed the<br />
l<strong>and</strong>scape of authority. Many <strong>in</strong>dividuals were forced to flee <strong>and</strong> to forge new networks upon which they<br />
57 This presumably refers to the outlaw<strong>in</strong>g of „trial by ordeal‟ practices <strong>and</strong> other forms of local corporal punishment.<br />
CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERIA