Customary Land Tenure in Liberia - Land Tenure and Property ...

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v 5.4 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 73 5.4.1 Interface between Customary and Statutory Institutions/Authorities ................................................. 73 5.4.2 Legitimacy of Customary and Statutory Institutions ............................................................................... 75 5.4.3 Women as Governance Authorities ........................................................................................................... 75 5.4.4 Youth as Governance Authorities .............................................................................................................. 76 5.4.5 Malfeasance and Power Abuse .................................................................................................................... 76 5.4.6 Trends in Governance Authority over Land ............................................................................................ 77 6.0 Disputes ........................................................................................................................................................... 79 6.1 TYPES OF DISPUTES .......................................................................................................................................................... 79 6.1.1 Inheritance Disputes ..................................................................................................................................... 79 6.1.2 Disputes with Returnees and Refugees ...................................................................................................... 80 6.1.3 Disputes over Encroachment ...................................................................................................................... 81 Disputes between Landowners and Borrowers ............................................................................................................... 81 Disputes between “Landowners”.................................................................................................................................. 81 Disputes between Towns .............................................................................................................................................. 83 Disputes between Clans/Neighboring Areas ................................................................................................................ 84 6.1.4 Disputes with the Government .................................................................................................................. 84 6.1.5 Disputes between Customary and Statutory Tenure ............................................................................... 85 6.1.6 Other Resource Disputes ............................................................................................................................. 85 Disputes over Fishing................................................................................................................................................... 85 Disputes over Mining ................................................................................................................................................... 86 Disputes over Pit Sawing ............................................................................................................................................. 86 6.2 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 86 7.0 Dispute Resolution ........................................................................................................................................ 88 7.1 COMMONLY ACCEPTED DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROCESSES ............................................................................................. 88 7.2 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS ................................................................................................ 89 7.2.1 Chairmen and Elders .................................................................................................................................... 89 7.2.2 Chairladies ...................................................................................................................................................... 90 7.2.3 Youth Leaders ................................................................................................................................................ 90 7.2.4 Religious and Cultural Authorities .............................................................................................................. 90 7.3 OTHER DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS ............................................................................................................. 91 7.3.1 Non-Governmental Organizations ............................................................................................................ 91 CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERIA
vi 7.3.2 Courts .............................................................................................................................................................. 91 7.3.3 Mining Dispute Resolution .......................................................................................................................... 91 7.3.4 Disputes between Clans/Disputes with the Government...................................................................... 92 7.4 ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 8.0 Tenure Security and Insecurity .................................................................................................................... 93 8.1 SOURCES OF LAND TENURE SECURITY ......................................................................................................................... 93 8.1.1 Kinship and Communal “Ownership”...................................................................................................... 93 8.1.2 Deeds and Tenure Security .......................................................................................................................... 94 8.1.3 Life Trees ........................................................................................................................................................ 94 8.1.4 Tribal Certificates .......................................................................................................................................... 94 8.2 SOURCES OF TENURE INSECURITY................................................................................................................................. 95 8.2.1 Documentation of Claims to Land ............................................................................................................. 95 8.2.2 Scale of Ownership Claims .......................................................................................................................... 96 8.2.3 Concessions and Private Investors ............................................................................................................. 96 8.2.4 Government Claims to Land ....................................................................................................................... 97 8.2.5 Deeds and Tenure Insecurity ...................................................................................................................... 98 8.2.6 Women‟s Tenure Insecurity......................................................................................................................... 98 8.2.7 Unclear or Poorly Defined Land Boundaries ........................................................................................... 99 8.2.8 Poorly Enforced Borrowing Terms ........................................................................................................... 99 8.2.9 Acquisition of Land by Elites ...................................................................................................................... 99 8.3 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 99 9.0 Community Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 101 9.1 LAND AND RESOURCE RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................ 101 9.1.1 Tribal Certificates and Deeds .................................................................................................................... 101 9.1.2 Document Land Transactions and Sales ................................................................................................. 101 9.1.3 Protect Customary Rules and Rights of Ownership .............................................................................. 101 9.1.4 Protect Women‟s Land and Resource Rights ......................................................................................... 102 9.1.5 Limit Acquisition of Land Done Irregularly or by Outsiders .............................................................. 102 9.1.6 Support Local Governance Authorities ................................................................................................... 102 9.1.7 Encourage Dispute Resolution ................................................................................................................. 102 9.1.8 Aid Local Agricultural Development ....................................................................................................... 103 10.0 Policy Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 104 CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERIA
Page 1 and 2: LAND POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPO
Page 3 and 4: LIBERIA LAND POLICY & INSTITUTIONAL
Page 5 and 6: ii 1.0 Introduction ...............
Page 7: iv 4.2.1 Statutory Tenure Claims by
Page 11 and 12: viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Ma
Page 13 and 14: x ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CDC CF
Page 15 and 16: xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report s
Page 17 and 18: xiv game for both sale and consumpt
Page 19 and 20: xvi manage tree crops where these a
Page 21 and 22: xviii In the clans we visited, stat
Page 23 and 24: xx DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS Di
Page 25 and 26: xxii Recommended measures include t
Page 27 and 28: xxiv Remove land and governance au
Page 29 and 30: 2 This chapter begins with a presen
Page 31 and 32: 4 1.2 LAND TENURE AND RURAL LIVELIH
Page 33 and 34: 6 (Renner, 1931). Initially lacking
Page 35 and 36: 8 1.3 HISTORY OF LAND TENURE IN LIB
Page 37 and 38: 10 Certificate is merely a permit t
Page 39 and 40: 12 however, rights granted to commu
Page 41 and 42: 14 2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This ch
Page 43 and 44: 16 Figure 2.2: FEWS-NET map of Libe
Page 45 and 46: 18 In each case, after completion o
Page 47 and 48: 20 3.0 LAND USE AND LIVELIHOODS Thi
Page 49 and 50: 22 Upland Rice Cultivated in each o
Page 51 and 52: 24 money quickly. However, they als
Page 53 and 54: 26 3.2.2 Trees In addition to food
Page 55 and 56: 28 large rubber farms ranging from
Page 57 and 58: 30 tasks assigned to women and vice
Page 59 and 60:
32 3.2.7 Hunting and Fishing In mos
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34 bush and fell trees on a farmer
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36 men‟s focus on life tree culti
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38 from one or more patrilineages,
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40 Figure 4.1: Access to land for f
Page 69 and 70:
42 Figure 4.2: Children’s acquisi
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44 Figure 4.3: Profile of borrowing
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46 he/she is fully integrated as a
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48 widows will sometimes marry a ma
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50 Several communities have rules g
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52 Bush and Forest Resources In all
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54 Water and Fishing Access to wate
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56 Other factors cited for contribu
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58 Figure 4.6: Presence of differen
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60 bush resources largely follows c
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62 In Ylan, some land is held under
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64 the majority of studied clans, t
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66 We also found that, in the clans
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68 In some clans such as Upper Work
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70 Town Chiefs Town Chiefs represen
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72 dispute resolution. 55 While in
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74 such as Clan and Paramount Chief
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76 some women who held positions as
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78 could rely. This in turn produce
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80 community sometimes encounter re
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82 rubber on adjacent land, as well
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84 In other clans, including Ding a
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86 Disputes over Mining Mana Clan c
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88 7.0 DISPUTE RESOLUTION Dispute r
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90 7.2.2 Chairladies In Dobli, Gban
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92 7.3.4 Disputes between Clans/Dis
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94 In some clans, the abundance of
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96 8.2.2 Scale of Ownership Claims
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98 If communities anticipate that t
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100 The importance of documenting c
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102 The current land tenure sys
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104 10.0 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS In
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106 communities. Instead, we sugges
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108 apply for fee simple tenure. Th
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110 tenure unit. Instead, this role
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112 Tribal Certificates and Deeds R
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114 REFERENCES SECONDARY SOURCES Ak
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116 Wallace, Carolyn Gamiao and Rol
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118 DATE TIME ACTIVITY March 23, 20
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120 ANNEX 3: NORTHEAST TRANSECT, DO
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122 ANNEX 5: TOWN MAP, SAYKLEKAN CL
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124 ANNEX 7: HISTORICAL MATRIX, YLA
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126 ANNEX 9: DOBLI DISPUTE LETTER C
Page 155 and 156:
128 ANNEX 11: TRIBAL CERTIFICATE FO
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130 ANNEX 13: SEASONAL CALENDARS, M
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132 ANNEX 14: COMMUNITY FOREST BY-L
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134 CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERI
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136 b. A family or individual shall
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138 a. Standing Rules Tree
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140 The amount of rattan collecte
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142 o o o o o o o Antelope Hippo
Page 171 and 172:
144 Any community member or gro
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146 U.S. Agency for International D
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