Customary Land Tenure in Liberia - Land Tenure and Property ...

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i TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................................ i List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................... viii List of Boxes ....................................................................................................................................................................... ix List of Images ..................................................................................................................................................................... ix Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................................ xi Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... xii LAND USES AND LIVELIHOODS .................................................................................................................................................... XII RIGHTS AND RULES GOVERNING LAND USE ........................................................................................................................... XIV Rules for Accessing Land ..................................................................................................................................... xiv Women‟s Rights to Land ....................................................................................................................................... xv Rights to Other Natural Resources ..................................................................................................................... xvi Compliance with Tenure Rules ............................................................................................................................ xvi Statutory Tenure: Tribal Certificates, Deeds, Concessions, and State Land Rights ................................... xvii GOVERNANCE AUTHORITIES FOR LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES ............................................................................... XVII DISPUTE ............................................................................................................................................................................................ XIX DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS .......................................................................................................................................... XX SOURCES OF TENURE SECURITY AND INSECURITY ................................................................................................................... XX COMMUNITY RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. XXI POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... XXI Legal Reforms ........................................................................................................................................................ xxii Documentation of Community Rights .............................................................................................................. xxii Tribal Certificates and Deeds .............................................................................................................................. xxii Rights Vested in Holders of Communal Rights.............................................................................................. xxiii Supporting Rural Investments ........................................................................................................................... xxiii Governance Authorities ...................................................................................................................................... xxiii Dispute Resolution .............................................................................................................................................. xxiv Concessions and Protected Areas ..................................................................................................................... xxiv Women‟s Land Rights ......................................................................................................................................... xxiv CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERIA
ii 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 LAND TENURE AND RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN LIBERIA ............................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Overview of Land Tenure ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2.2 History of Liberian Livelihoods .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Effects of the War on Livelihoods ............................................................................................................... 6 1.2.4 Livelihoods Today ........................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 HISTORY OF LAND TENURE IN LIBERIA ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Overview of Customary Tenure ................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Overview of Statutory Law Governing Tenure in Rural Liberia ............................................................. 9 1.4 INTERFACE BETWEEN CUSTOMARY AND STATUTORY LAW...................................................................................... 12 2.0 Research Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 14 2.1 SITE SELECTION ................................................................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 METHODS FOR GATHERING AND REPORTING INFORMATION ................................................................................ 16 2.3 LIMITS TO STUDY............................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.0 Land Use and Livelihoods ............................................................................................................................ 20 3.1 PROFILES OF COMMUNITIES VISITED ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCE USES ......................................................................................................................... 20 3.3 LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................................. 21 3.2.1 Farming ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Upland Rice ................................................................................................................................................................ 22 Swamp Rice ................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Vegetable Gardens ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 Sugarcane .................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Communal Farming .................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Trees ................................................................................................................................................................ 26 Rubber ........................................................................................................................................................................ 26 Cocoa .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Coffee .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Oil Palm ..................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Other Life Trees .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.3 Household Divisions of Labor ................................................................................................................... 29 CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERIA
Page 1 and 2: LAND POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPO
Page 3: LIBERIA LAND POLICY & INSTITUTIONAL
Page 7 and 8: iv 4.2.1 Statutory Tenure Claims by
Page 9 and 10: vi 7.3.2 Courts ...................
Page 11 and 12: viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Ma
Page 13 and 14: x ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CDC CF
Page 15 and 16: xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report s
Page 17 and 18: xiv game for both sale and consumpt
Page 19 and 20: xvi manage tree crops where these a
Page 21 and 22: xviii In the clans we visited, stat
Page 23 and 24: xx DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS Di
Page 25 and 26: xxii Recommended measures include t
Page 27 and 28: xxiv Remove land and governance au
Page 29 and 30: 2 This chapter begins with a presen
Page 31 and 32: 4 1.2 LAND TENURE AND RURAL LIVELIH
Page 33 and 34: 6 (Renner, 1931). Initially lacking
Page 35 and 36: 8 1.3 HISTORY OF LAND TENURE IN LIB
Page 37 and 38: 10 Certificate is merely a permit t
Page 39 and 40: 12 however, rights granted to commu
Page 41 and 42: 14 2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This ch
Page 43 and 44: 16 Figure 2.2: FEWS-NET map of Libe
Page 45 and 46: 18 In each case, after completion o
Page 47 and 48: 20 3.0 LAND USE AND LIVELIHOODS Thi
Page 49 and 50: 22 Upland Rice Cultivated in each o
Page 51 and 52: 24 money quickly. However, they als
Page 53 and 54: 26 3.2.2 Trees In addition to food
Page 55 and 56:
28 large rubber farms ranging from
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30 tasks assigned to women and vice
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32 3.2.7 Hunting and Fishing In mos
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34 bush and fell trees on a farmer
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36 men‟s focus on life tree culti
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38 from one or more patrilineages,
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40 Figure 4.1: Access to land for f
Page 69 and 70:
42 Figure 4.2: Children’s acquisi
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44 Figure 4.3: Profile of borrowing
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46 he/she is fully integrated as a
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48 widows will sometimes marry a ma
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50 Several communities have rules g
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52 Bush and Forest Resources In all
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54 Water and Fishing Access to wate
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56 Other factors cited for contribu
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58 Figure 4.6: Presence of differen
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60 bush resources largely follows c
Page 89 and 90:
62 In Ylan, some land is held under
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64 the majority of studied clans, t
Page 93 and 94:
66 We also found that, in the clans
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68 In some clans such as Upper Work
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70 Town Chiefs Town Chiefs represen
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72 dispute resolution. 55 While in
Page 101 and 102:
74 such as Clan and Paramount Chief
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76 some women who held positions as
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78 could rely. This in turn produce
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80 community sometimes encounter re
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82 rubber on adjacent land, as well
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84 In other clans, including Ding a
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86 Disputes over Mining Mana Clan c
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88 7.0 DISPUTE RESOLUTION Dispute r
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90 7.2.2 Chairladies In Dobli, Gban
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92 7.3.4 Disputes between Clans/Dis
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94 In some clans, the abundance of
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96 8.2.2 Scale of Ownership Claims
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98 If communities anticipate that t
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100 The importance of documenting c
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102 The current land tenure sys
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104 10.0 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS In
Page 133 and 134:
106 communities. Instead, we sugges
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108 apply for fee simple tenure. Th
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110 tenure unit. Instead, this role
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112 Tribal Certificates and Deeds R
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114 REFERENCES SECONDARY SOURCES Ak
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116 Wallace, Carolyn Gamiao and Rol
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118 DATE TIME ACTIVITY March 23, 20
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120 ANNEX 3: NORTHEAST TRANSECT, DO
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122 ANNEX 5: TOWN MAP, SAYKLEKAN CL
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124 ANNEX 7: HISTORICAL MATRIX, YLA
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126 ANNEX 9: DOBLI DISPUTE LETTER C
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128 ANNEX 11: TRIBAL CERTIFICATE FO
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130 ANNEX 13: SEASONAL CALENDARS, M
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132 ANNEX 14: COMMUNITY FOREST BY-L
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134 CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE IN LIBERI
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136 b. A family or individual shall
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138 a. Standing Rules Tree
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140 The amount of rattan collecte
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142 o o o o o o o Antelope Hippo
Page 171 and 172:
144 Any community member or gro
Page 173:
146 U.S. Agency for International D
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