Fatima.Mernessi_The-Forgotten-Queens-of-Islam-EN

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106 Sovereignty in Islam aid and support, and Tindu's first marriage was more a political alliance than anything else. Her first husband was al-Zahir Barquq, the next to last Mamluk king of Egypt (784/1382 to 791/1389). He had been struck by her beauty during a journey that she made with her uncle, and asked for her in marriage; this was welcomed because Iraq was having difficulty repelling the repeated attacks of Tamerlane's armies. In exchange for Tindu, who was to remain in Cairo, Baghdad received the support of the Egyptian armies. But Tindu, who was very attached to her homeland, did not like life in Cairo. Barquq, who loved her very much, finally let her return to Iraq. As a second husband she married her cousin Shah Walad, and after his death she acceded to the throne in 814/1411. She remained in power for eight years until her death. 64 Hanbali relates that, 'The khutba was said in her name from the pulpits and money was coined in her name until her death in 822. Her son took power after her.' 65 According to Badriye Uc.ok Un, there is supposed to have been a last Mongol queen, Sultana Fatima Begum, whom the Russians know under the name of Sultana Sayyidovna and who ruled the Ilkhan kingdom of Qasim in Central Asia between 1679 and 1681. 66 We know that Batu, one of the grandsons of Genghis Khan, 'succeeded in subjugating large parts of Russia in the years 1236 to 1241. Only the north west (with Novgorod at its centre), was spared .... The new state was called the "Golden Horde" by the Russians and thus also in Europe.' 67 The Tatar domination lasted two and a half centuries, and one of its consequences was the Islamicization of whole areas of Russia. 68 Sultana Fatima Begum is supposed to have been the last sovereign of the Qasim dynasty. But except for the mention of her by Dr Uc.ok Un, I could not find any reference to this queen in any of the works in Arabic that I consulted, in which mention would have been made of her right to having the khutba said in her name and money coined in her name. So I merely cite her without counting her among the women heads of state. This reduces to six the number of Mongol queens who meet my criteria. This rise to power of women in the Mongol Empire is all the more remarkable considering the almost total absence of queens on the political scene before the taking of Baghdad in 1258. However, it must be kept in mind that among the Mongols this privilege applied only to women of the aristocratic class and that the local populations were treated with little consideration. How is one to explain how a people can be so violent and at the same time accord a pre-eminent place to women on the political scene? The answer
Fifteen Queens 107 to that question would require another book, which would lead us into the dark areas of the very fascinating links among the various societies' complex laws that govern that fundamental triad - power/ violence/sex. Meanwhile, we can take a quick look at a third group of women heads of states, those of the island kingdoms of South- East Asia, another Muslim culture with other possibilities and other models of behaviour. THE ISLAND QUEENS Seven sultanas reigned in the Indies: three in the Maldives and four in Indonesia. The first, Sultana Khadija, daughter of Sultan Salah al-Din Salih Albendjaly, reigned from 1347 to 1379. Luckily for us, Ibn Battuta travelled in the Maldives during her reign, and fell completely under her spell: One of the wonders of these islands is that its ruler (sultana) is a woman named Khadija .... Sovereignty was exercised first by her grandfather, and then by her father. When the latter died her brother Shihab-ud-din became king. He was still young and the vezir 'Abdallah son of Muhammad al-Hazrami married the mother of Shihab-uddin and overpowered him. And it was he who married also this Sultana Khadija after the death of her husband, the vezir Jamal-uddin. 69 After describing the power struggles which resulted in her brother being deposed and then put to death, Ibn Battuta describes the circumstances of Khadija's enthronement: The only survivors from the ruling house were his three sisters .... The inhabitants of the Maldive islands preferred for sovereign Khadija and she was the wife of their orator (khatib) Jamal-ud-din who became vezir. He took over the reins of power . . . but orders were issued in the name of Khadija only. The orders were written on palm leaves with a bent piece of iron similar to a knife, while paper was not used except for writing the Qur'an and books of learning. 70 Was the khutba proclaimed in the name of Sultana Khadija? We can count on Ibn Battuta to record the formula meticulously: The orator (khatib) mentioned the queen (sultana) in the Friday prayer and also on other occasions. 'O my God!' says he, 'help Thy
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The Forgotten Queens of Islam
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The Forgotten Queens of Islam FATIM
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Contents Introduction: Was Benazir
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Introduction Was Benazir Bhutto the
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Was Benazir Bhutto the First? 3 one
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Was Benazir Bhutto the First? 5 upo
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PART Queens and Courtesans I
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1 How Does One Say 'Queen' in Islam
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How Does One Say 'Queen' in Islam?
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The Caliph and the Queen 27 spiritu
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The Caliph and the Queen 29 the non
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The Caliph and the Queen 31 that ge
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According to Ibn Rushd: The Caliph
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The Caliph and the Queen 35 positio
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3 The jawari or Revolution in the H
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The jawari or Revolution in the Har
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4 Khayzuran: Courtesan or Head of S
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Khayzuran: Courtesan or Head of Sta
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Page 77 and 78: PART Sovereignty in Islam II
Page 79 and 80: 5 The Criteria of Sovereignty in Is
Page 81 and 82: The Criteria of Sovereignty in Isla
Page 97 and 98: Fifteen Queens 89 woman, beginning
Page 99 and 100: Fifteen Queens 91 schools, from whi
Page 101 and 102: Fifteen Queens 93 to be born an inf
Page 103 and 104: Fifteen Queens 95 the obvious succe
Page 105 and 106: Fifteen Queens 97 hers. The army (a
Page 107 and 108: Fifteen Queens 99 between a man and
Page 109 and 110: Fifteen Queens 101 Abaka's brother
Page 111 and 112: Fifteen Queens 103 Even among the m
Page 113: Fifteen Queens 105 ning in 591/1195
Page 117 and 118: Fifteen Queens 109 The only fault h
Page 119 and 120: Fifteen Queens 111 could advance a
Page 121 and 122: PART III The Arab Queens
Page 123 and 124: 7 The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen Yeme
Page 125 and 126: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 117 be
Page 127 and 128: The Shi'tie Dynasty of Yemen 119 fi
Page 129 and 130: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 121 sp
Page 131 and 132: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 123 en
Page 133 and 134: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 125 Th
Page 135 and 136: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 127 mi
Page 137 and 138: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 129 ma
Page 139 and 140: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 131 ta
Page 141 and 142: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 133 pi
Page 143 and 144: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 135 of
Page 145 and 146: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 137 of
Page 147 and 148: 8 The Little Queens of Sheba An Ara
Page 149 and 150: The Little Queens of Sheba 141 - ba
Page 151 and 152: The Little Queens of Sheba 143 to t
Page 153 and 154: The Little Queens of Sheba 145 is c
Page 155 and 156: The Little Queens of Sheba 147 al-M
Page 157 and 158: The Little Queens of Sheba 149 firs
Page 159 and 160: The Little Queens of Sheba 151 auth
Page 161 and 162: The Little Queens of Sheba 153 to p
Page 163 and 164: The Little Queens of Sheba 155 for
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The Little Queens of Sheba 157 rule
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9 The Lady of Cairo Sitt al-Mulk, b
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The Lady of Cairo 161 and Jews - ha
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The Lady of Cairo 163 Mulk with his
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The Lady of Cairo 165 astrological
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The Lady of Cairo 167 of the idea i
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The Lady of Cairo 169 and forbade t
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The Lady of Cairo 111 days the peop
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The Lady of Cairo 173 were executed
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The Lady of Cairo 175 scribbled on
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The Lady of Cairo 111 her sovereign
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Conclusion The Medina Democracy Vei
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The Medina Democracy 181 This assas
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The Medina Democracy 183 tinguishin
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The Medina Democracy 185 of Western
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The Medina Democracy 187 In Decembe
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The Medina Democracy 189 is this ca
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Notes 191 dans les Prolegomenes d'I
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Notes 193 18 'Abdallah Inan, Nihaya
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Notes 195 6 'Umar Kahhala, A'lam al
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Notes 197 26 Ibn Hazm, 'Risala', p.
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Notes 199 had the right to reduce t
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Notes 201 22 Mas'udi, Muruj, vol. 3
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Notes 203 Fawwaz al-'Amili, Al-durr
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Notes 205 61 Ugok Un, Al-nisa' al-h
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Notes 207 17 Ibid., section on 'Hiz
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Notes 209 37 Metz, Al-hadara al-Isl
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Notes 211 70 Zarkali, A 'lam, vol.
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Notes 213 21 Ibid. 22 Ibid. 23 Ibid
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Notes 215 59 'Amri, Rawda, p. 358.
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Notes 217 37 Ibid., p. 285. 38 Ibid
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Notes 219 of Islam, which is accomp
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amir, amira, 20, 31 'amma (common p
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Ghurabiyya, 153 Golden Horde, 103,
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Mahdi, Shi'ite, 164-5 al-Mahdi, cal
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Rayta, 55, 65 reason, (al-'aql), 34
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umma (community of the faithful), 3
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