Fatima.Mernessi_The-Forgotten-Queens-of-Islam-EN

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24 Queens and Courtesans Quraysh tribe, but who were each, for a very short period, given the title of caliph. The first was Ibn al-Muhallab, an opponent of the ninth Umayyad caliph, Yazid Ibn 'Abd al-Malik (ninth century), who challenged his power, but in vain. The second was a ruler of the Moroccan city of Sijilmasa, Muhammad Ibn al-Fath, who was briefly given the title in the middle of the tenth century. The last was 'Abd al-Rahman Ibn Abi Amir, an Andalusian ruler who held the title 'for a single day .... He was so overcome with joy to hear himself called caliph that he tore off his clothes, but he recovered and renounced the title . . . and this is the most foolish story I have ever heard.' Ibn Hazm's scorn expresses the thinking of the majority of Muslims of his time. It was pure folly for someone not a member of the Meccan aristocracy to want to claim the title. He gives another list of three powerful rulers who approached the religious authorities about how to appropriate this title, but who renounced the idea when objections were raised. 40 The sole exception was the ninth Ottoman caliph, Salim I, who managed to kidnap the title by magically transferring its symbols to Turkey. He arranged for the last Abbasid caliph, then living in Egypt, who moved there after the sack of Baghdad by Genghis Khan, to hand over to him the title and symbols of the caliphate, that is the Prophet's cloak, one of his teeth, and a lock of his hair, which were brought to the Topkapi Palace. 41 As one might imagine, this was a sensational moment in the Muslim world, for until the Ottomans, no one outside the Quraysh, the Prophet's tribe, had succeeded in claiming the title of caliph, nor tried to take on its privilege and magic, which transcended earthly power and its hazards. The hordes of Genghis Khan had managed to destroy Baghdad in 1258, and Hulagu, charged with subduing the Islamic lands, had massacred close to 80,000 people, including the last Baghdad caliph, al-Musta'sim* But what he could never have suspected is that twentyfour years later, in 1282, his own son and third ruler of the dynasty, Manku Timur, would succumb to the charm of the religion they denounced and take the name of Ahmad upon declaring his new faith. This act threw the Mongol warriors into confusion and brought about the fall of Ahmad (formerly Manku Rimur) two years later. But the conqueror did not seem to grasp the fascinating appeal of the newly conquered religion. Thirteen years later Ghazan, another grandson of Genghis Khan and seventh ruler of the dynasty, became a Muslim, and this time Islam became the religion of the court. However, at the peak of their power, the Mongols, having taken everything away from the Abbasids, their empire and its riches,
How Does One Say 'Queen' in Islam? 25 their authority, and their grandeur, were never able to seize the title of caliph, which mysteriously transcended the power of armies and all their earthly triumphs. 42 Thus we see the unique status the caliph has in the Muslim hierarchy: although he is a head of state, all heads of state are not caliphs. The claim of non-Arabs to this title remains problematical, and it becomes even more so if one considers the highly fanciful hypothesis of women heads of state. But is there really a fundamental incompatibility between the caliphate as the ideal model of authority and a woman ruler?
Page 3 and 4: The Forgotten Queens of Islam
Page 5 and 6: The Forgotten Queens of Islam FATIM
Page 7 and 8: Contents Introduction: Was Benazir
Page 9 and 10: Introduction Was Benazir Bhutto the
Page 11 and 12: Was Benazir Bhutto the First? 3 one
Page 13 and 14: Was Benazir Bhutto the First? 5 upo
Page 15 and 16: PART Queens and Courtesans I
Page 17 and 18: 1 How Does One Say 'Queen' in Islam
Page 19 and 20: How Does One Say 'Queen' in Islam?
Page 31: How Does One Say 'Queen' in Islam?
Page 35 and 36: The Caliph and the Queen 27 spiritu
Page 37 and 38: The Caliph and the Queen 29 the non
Page 39 and 40: The Caliph and the Queen 31 that ge
Page 41 and 42: According to Ibn Rushd: The Caliph
Page 43 and 44: The Caliph and the Queen 35 positio
Page 45 and 46: 3 The jawari or Revolution in the H
Page 47 and 48: The jawari or Revolution in the Har
Page 59 and 60: 4 Khayzuran: Courtesan or Head of S
Page 61 and 62: Khayzuran: Courtesan or Head of Sta
Page 77 and 78: PART Sovereignty in Islam II
Page 79 and 80: 5 The Criteria of Sovereignty in Is
Page 81 and 82: The Criteria of Sovereignty in Isla
Page 83 and 84:
The Criteria of Sovereignty in Isla
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Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
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Fifteen Queens 89 woman, beginning
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Fifteen Queens 91 schools, from whi
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Fifteen Queens 93 to be born an inf
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Fifteen Queens 95 the obvious succe
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Fifteen Queens 97 hers. The army (a
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Fifteen Queens 99 between a man and
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Fifteen Queens 101 Abaka's brother
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Fifteen Queens 103 Even among the m
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Fifteen Queens 105 ning in 591/1195
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Fifteen Queens 107 to that question
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Fifteen Queens 109 The only fault h
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Fifteen Queens 111 could advance a
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PART III The Arab Queens
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7 The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen Yeme
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 117 be
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The Shi'tie Dynasty of Yemen 119 fi
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 121 sp
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 123 en
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 125 Th
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 127 mi
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 129 ma
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 131 ta
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 133 pi
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 135 of
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The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 137 of
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8 The Little Queens of Sheba An Ara
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The Little Queens of Sheba 141 - ba
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The Little Queens of Sheba 143 to t
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The Little Queens of Sheba 145 is c
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The Little Queens of Sheba 147 al-M
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The Little Queens of Sheba 149 firs
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The Little Queens of Sheba 151 auth
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The Little Queens of Sheba 153 to p
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The Little Queens of Sheba 155 for
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The Little Queens of Sheba 157 rule
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9 The Lady of Cairo Sitt al-Mulk, b
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The Lady of Cairo 161 and Jews - ha
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The Lady of Cairo 163 Mulk with his
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The Lady of Cairo 165 astrological
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The Lady of Cairo 167 of the idea i
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The Lady of Cairo 169 and forbade t
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The Lady of Cairo 111 days the peop
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The Lady of Cairo 173 were executed
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The Lady of Cairo 175 scribbled on
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The Lady of Cairo 111 her sovereign
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Conclusion The Medina Democracy Vei
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The Medina Democracy 181 This assas
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The Medina Democracy 183 tinguishin
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The Medina Democracy 185 of Western
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The Medina Democracy 187 In Decembe
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The Medina Democracy 189 is this ca
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Notes 191 dans les Prolegomenes d'I
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Notes 193 18 'Abdallah Inan, Nihaya
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Notes 195 6 'Umar Kahhala, A'lam al
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Notes 197 26 Ibn Hazm, 'Risala', p.
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Notes 199 had the right to reduce t
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Notes 201 22 Mas'udi, Muruj, vol. 3
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Notes 203 Fawwaz al-'Amili, Al-durr
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Notes 205 61 Ugok Un, Al-nisa' al-h
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Notes 207 17 Ibid., section on 'Hiz
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Notes 209 37 Metz, Al-hadara al-Isl
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Notes 211 70 Zarkali, A 'lam, vol.
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Notes 213 21 Ibid. 22 Ibid. 23 Ibid
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Notes 215 59 'Amri, Rawda, p. 358.
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Notes 217 37 Ibid., p. 285. 38 Ibid
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Notes 219 of Islam, which is accomp
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amir, amira, 20, 31 'amma (common p
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Ghurabiyya, 153 Golden Horde, 103,
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Mahdi, Shi'ite, 164-5 al-Mahdi, cal
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Rayta, 55, 65 reason, (al-'aql), 34
Page 237:
umma (community of the faithful), 3
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