Fatima.Mernessi_The-Forgotten-Queens-of-Islam-EN

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110 Sovereignty in Islam beginning of the twentieth century. Sultana Tadj al-'Alam Safiyyat al-Din Shah (1641-75) was the fourteenth sovereign of the dynasty; Sultana Nur al-'Alam Nakiyyat al-Din Shah the fifteenth (1675-8), 'Inayat Shah Zakiyyat al-Din Shah the sixteenth (1678-88), and Kamalat Shah (1688^-99) the seventeenth. They reigned despite the fact that their political enemies had imported from Mecca a fatwa that declared that 'it was forbidden by law for a woman to rule'. 78 Despite decrees from Mecca, opposition from the caliphs, and the opportunism of political men, 15 Muslim women sovereigns ascended the thrones of Muslim states between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, holding all the official insignia of sovereignty. The first two, Radiyya and Shajarat al-Durr, were Turks belonging to the Mamluk dynasty. Six sultanas came to the throne when Mongol princes replaced the Abbasid Arab caliphs at the head of the Muslim Empire. And seven others were Islamic rulers in the Maldives and Indonesia. The historian Uc.ok Un found no true Arab sultana. Women were only able to accede to power when the Arabs were defeated: 'It was only with the end of the Abbasid state, which was a major obstacle to women's acceding to the leadership of states, that women were able to take their seat on a throne.' 79 The disappearance of the Abbasid state 'opened the road to them and finally permitted them to come to power.' 80 In her explanation of this, Dr Ugok Un constructs a vision of the world that is coherent, convincing, and so simple that it seems irrefutable. But her explanation rests on a factor that is at the very least disquieting - race. She finds that the Arabs showed avowed misogynistic behaviour, while the Turks, Mongols, Indonesians, and Asians in general seem almost feminist. The fact that all the women who managed to reach the throne, 'except for those in the Indian Islands, [were] Turks or Mongols is clear proof of the importance that these cultures gave to women in public affairs.' 81 The problem with theories based on race is that it only requires the finding of one exception to make them vanish like soap bubbles. What if we succeeded in finding one Arab woman head of state? If we unearthed one or two Arab queens, we would be confronted by another question: Why have they been wiped out of history? Why does no one want to remember that there have been Arab women heads of state? It is understandable that a non-Arab like the historian Ugok Un, who wrote in the 1940s at a time when the Arab world was just beginning to emerge from a long period of Ottoman domination,
Fifteen Queens 111 could advance a colonizing theory that gives the Ottomans the best role. Nevertheless, there have been Arab queens, and, incredible as it may seem, they have been consigned to oblivion. What do they represent that is so dangerous, so deeply disturbing that it was decided to bury them in the depths of the unconscious?
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The Forgotten Queens of Islam
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The Forgotten Queens of Islam FATIM
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Contents Introduction: Was Benazir
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Introduction Was Benazir Bhutto the
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Was Benazir Bhutto the First? 3 one
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Was Benazir Bhutto the First? 5 upo
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PART Queens and Courtesans I
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1 How Does One Say 'Queen' in Islam
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How Does One Say 'Queen' in Islam?
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The Caliph and the Queen 27 spiritu
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The Caliph and the Queen 29 the non
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The Caliph and the Queen 31 that ge
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According to Ibn Rushd: The Caliph
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The Caliph and the Queen 35 positio
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3 The jawari or Revolution in the H
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The jawari or Revolution in the Har
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4 Khayzuran: Courtesan or Head of S
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Khayzuran: Courtesan or Head of Sta
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Page 67 and 68: Khayzuran: Courtesan or Head of Sta
Page 77 and 78: PART Sovereignty in Islam II
Page 79 and 80: 5 The Criteria of Sovereignty in Is
Page 81 and 82: The Criteria of Sovereignty in Isla
Page 97 and 98: Fifteen Queens 89 woman, beginning
Page 99 and 100: Fifteen Queens 91 schools, from whi
Page 101 and 102: Fifteen Queens 93 to be born an inf
Page 103 and 104: Fifteen Queens 95 the obvious succe
Page 105 and 106: Fifteen Queens 97 hers. The army (a
Page 107 and 108: Fifteen Queens 99 between a man and
Page 109 and 110: Fifteen Queens 101 Abaka's brother
Page 111 and 112: Fifteen Queens 103 Even among the m
Page 113 and 114: Fifteen Queens 105 ning in 591/1195
Page 115 and 116: Fifteen Queens 107 to that question
Page 117: Fifteen Queens 109 The only fault h
Page 121 and 122: PART III The Arab Queens
Page 123 and 124: 7 The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen Yeme
Page 125 and 126: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 117 be
Page 127 and 128: The Shi'tie Dynasty of Yemen 119 fi
Page 129 and 130: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 121 sp
Page 131 and 132: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 123 en
Page 133 and 134: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 125 Th
Page 135 and 136: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 127 mi
Page 137 and 138: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 129 ma
Page 139 and 140: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 131 ta
Page 141 and 142: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 133 pi
Page 143 and 144: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 135 of
Page 145 and 146: The Shi'ite Dynasty of Yemen 137 of
Page 147 and 148: 8 The Little Queens of Sheba An Ara
Page 149 and 150: The Little Queens of Sheba 141 - ba
Page 151 and 152: The Little Queens of Sheba 143 to t
Page 153 and 154: The Little Queens of Sheba 145 is c
Page 155 and 156: The Little Queens of Sheba 147 al-M
Page 157 and 158: The Little Queens of Sheba 149 firs
Page 159 and 160: The Little Queens of Sheba 151 auth
Page 161 and 162: The Little Queens of Sheba 153 to p
Page 163 and 164: The Little Queens of Sheba 155 for
Page 165 and 166: The Little Queens of Sheba 157 rule
Page 167 and 168: 9 The Lady of Cairo Sitt al-Mulk, b
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The Lady of Cairo 161 and Jews - ha
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The Lady of Cairo 163 Mulk with his
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The Lady of Cairo 165 astrological
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The Lady of Cairo 167 of the idea i
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The Lady of Cairo 169 and forbade t
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The Lady of Cairo 111 days the peop
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The Lady of Cairo 173 were executed
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The Lady of Cairo 175 scribbled on
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The Lady of Cairo 111 her sovereign
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Conclusion The Medina Democracy Vei
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The Medina Democracy 181 This assas
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The Medina Democracy 183 tinguishin
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The Medina Democracy 185 of Western
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The Medina Democracy 187 In Decembe
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The Medina Democracy 189 is this ca
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Notes 191 dans les Prolegomenes d'I
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Notes 193 18 'Abdallah Inan, Nihaya
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Notes 195 6 'Umar Kahhala, A'lam al
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Notes 197 26 Ibn Hazm, 'Risala', p.
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Notes 199 had the right to reduce t
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Notes 201 22 Mas'udi, Muruj, vol. 3
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Notes 203 Fawwaz al-'Amili, Al-durr
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Notes 205 61 Ugok Un, Al-nisa' al-h
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Notes 207 17 Ibid., section on 'Hiz
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Notes 209 37 Metz, Al-hadara al-Isl
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Notes 211 70 Zarkali, A 'lam, vol.
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Notes 213 21 Ibid. 22 Ibid. 23 Ibid
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Notes 215 59 'Amri, Rawda, p. 358.
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Notes 217 37 Ibid., p. 285. 38 Ibid
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Notes 219 of Islam, which is accomp
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amir, amira, 20, 31 'amma (common p
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Ghurabiyya, 153 Golden Horde, 103,
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Mahdi, Shi'ite, 164-5 al-Mahdi, cal
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Rayta, 55, 65 reason, (al-'aql), 34
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umma (community of the faithful), 3
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