Food & Nutrition
Food & Nutrition
Food & Nutrition
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Arab Journal of <strong>Food</strong> & <strong>Nutrition</strong><br />
93. Gross Chemical Composition, Mineral Analysis, Phenolic Compounds,<br />
Anthocyanins and Antioxidants Activity Determination in Wild Edible Plants<br />
Grown in Jordan (2007)<br />
Layal Iqab Menwer Oweis\ Jordan University of Science & Technology<br />
Supervisor: Dr. Khalil I. Ereifej<br />
Co-Supervisor: Dr. Taha Rababah<br />
In this study, ten wild plants, which are used as a source of food in Jordan, were<br />
collected twice at a 60 days time interval. Plant samples were prepared and analyzed<br />
for chemical composition and mineral concentrations by standard procedures. Total<br />
phenolics and anthocyanins concentrations were examined according to Folin<br />
Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Maneinelli method, respectively. The effect of<br />
different extracting solvents and temperatures on the concentrations of phenolic<br />
compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Types and concentrations of the major<br />
phenolic compounds in these plants were also pursued in this study by RP-HPLC.<br />
Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by DPPH assay to<br />
determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidants. Results showed that<br />
chemical composition varied significantly among all plants. Dry Matter (DM) content<br />
ranged between 93.8 (Malva parvf1ora) and 97.3% (Centaurea iberica). The highest<br />
protein content (22.9%) was found in Malva pariflora, fat (4.2%) in Ruta chalepensis<br />
and carbohydrates (52.1%) in Arum palaestinum. These plants differed significantly in<br />
their mineral contents. Ca, Na, K, Cu, Mg and P content were high in all plants. Fe,<br />
Mn and Zn were found in similarly high values in all plants. Tetragonolobus<br />
palaestinus contained the highest levels of Na, Cu, Fe and Mn. All plants exhibited<br />
appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (600 C) of Ruta<br />
chalepensis contained the highest phenolic concentration (1328.8 mg GAE/100g).<br />
Tetragonolobus palaestinus (163.1 mg GAE/100g) contained the lowest concentration.<br />
Anthocyanin were found to be ranged between 18.1 (Gundelia tournefortii) and 100.1<br />
mg/100g (Rumex acetosella). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and<br />
temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin concentrations were found. The<br />
methanol and 60 C extraction condition found to be the best for extracting phenolic<br />
compounds and anthocyanins in the majority of plants. HPLC results showed that ten<br />
phenolic compounds (gallic acid, protocateehuic acid, catechin, gentisic acid,<br />
chiorogenic acid, vanillic acid, symigic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin and benzoic<br />
acid) have been identified from the investigated plants. The highest catechin (300.9<br />
mg/100g), gallic acid (361.2 mg/100g), chiorogenic acid (17.2 mg/100g) and caffeic<br />
acid (105.8 mg/100g) concentrations were found in Ruta chalepensis. Centaurea<br />
iberica contains the highest concentrations of protocatechuic acid (32.5 mg/100g) and<br />
caffeic acid (137.5 mg/100g). No vanillic acid, caffeic acid and beuzoic acid were<br />
detectable in Arum palaestinum. All plants exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging ac-<br />
116<br />
Volume 115 11, No. 25, 2011
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