19SafQB

96 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda
solutions for a wide field of applications in the Internet of Things have been
released over the last decade, led by a need for integration and low power
consumption.
2.10.1 Low Power Communication
Several low power communication technologies have been proposed from
different standardisation bodies. The most common ones are:
• IEEE 802.15.4 has developed a low-cost, low-power consumption,
low complexity, low to medium range communication standard
at the link and the physical layers [122] for resource constrained
devices.
• Bluetooth low energy (Bluetooth LE, [123]) is the ultra-low power
version of the Bluetooth technology [124] that is up to 15 times
more efficient than Bluetooth.
• Ultra-Wide Bandwidth (UWB) Technology [125] is an emerging
technology in the IoT domain that transmits signals across a
much larger frequency range than conventional systems. UWB, in
addition to its communication capabilities, it can allow for high
precision ranging of devices in IoT applications.
• RFID/NFC proposes a variety of standards to offer contact less
solutions. Proximity cards can only be read from less than 10 cm
and follows the ISO 14443 standard [126] and is also the basis of the
NFC standard. RFID tags or vicinity tags dedicated to identification
of objects have a reading distance which can reach 7 to 8 meters.
Nevertheless, front-end architectures have remained traditional and there is
now a demand for innovation. Regarding the ultra-low consumption target,
super-regenerative have proven to be very energetically efficient architectures
used for Wake-Up receivers. It remains active permanently at very low power
consumption, and can trigger a signal to wake up a complete/standard receiver
[127, 128]. In this field, standardisation is required, as today only proprietary
solutions exist, for an actual gain in the overall market to be significant.
On the other hand, power consumption reduction of an RF full-receiver
can be envisioned, with a target well below 5 mW to enable very small form