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[Aetat. 20-21 ] J O Y C E 127make an appearance afterwards, for on learning of Joyce's success he paidhim the compliment of changing his name to Rene-UIysse; 72with comparabledeference Joyce used to emphasize, in telling the story, that Rene-Ulysse had royal blood.These acjivities freshened his financial anxieties. Joe Casey lent himsmall suijisT-^hd Ratrice too; a man named Chown lent him a few shillings;J36garty, appeabitQ^sent him a pound. He learned to cadge mealsfrontalisf acqtfaintances by calling upon them at lunchtime, a dodge thatworked, he reported, 73with Frenchmen and failed with Englishmen andAmericans. A new pupil, A. Auvergniat, met him at Douce's flatandpaid for some lessons in advance. Occasional dribbles came in from perfunctoryreviews for the Daily Express; the Speaker paid for his review ofCatilina, but very slowly and very little. His landlady, whom he nicknamed'Baa-baa black sheep' because of the black looks she gave him,was impatient for her money. 74He complained again to his mother of'amost villainous hunger,' 75and said that his 'lenten regulations,' whichhad dictated two meals in sixty hours, 'have made me somewhat weak.' 76His clothes were wearing out, he stopped shaving and let his beard grow.He could not attend the Irish ball on St. Patrick's Day because he hadno dress clothes, a deprivation that seems ludicrous for a man withoutfood to complain of. 77His mother decided to have at least some newstreet clothes made for him. He formed a new idea of interviewing HenriFournier, the leading French contender for the James Gordon Bennettautomobile race, to be held the following summer in Dublin; and hesucceeded through Matthew O'Hara in persuading the Irish Times to buyhis bored and indifferent article as 'fresh news from Paris.'*By such expedients Joyce contrived to assure himself, on his secondtrip to Paris, that he could somehow manage to live abroad and so continuethe 'journey of the soul,' which his book of songs was to log. Whathe was now writinglie^wfoTe with full conviction, and no longer felttempted to destroy. His purposes were becoming more certain. The batchof fifteennew epiphanies made him see more clearly that he had beenright, shortly before he left Dublin, in forming these isolated spasms ofinsight into a linked chain of moments in which, as Stephen confides toDavin, 'the soul is born.' His research in style led him back to BenJonson's precision and fastidiousness, a useful check upon his own penchantfor lyricism. His consideration of artistic possibilities brought himto form the basis of an esthetic system which justified his favorite genre,drama, and his favorite disposition, comedy. What he did not yet knowwas that his esthetics could have no independent publication, that it mustjustify itself by helping to shape his work and by becoming an event in* Joyce's opinion of auto racing was, he said, like the opinion of horse racing of the lateShah of Persia. When the Shah was invited by King Edward to go to the races he replied,'I know that one horse runs quicker than another but which particular horse it is doesn'tinterest me.'