Diapositive 1 - de l'UniversitÃ© libre de Bruxelles

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Chapitre Vwere surrounded with conductive silver glue and gold coated. The slides were observedon a JEOL JSM-6100 SEM.High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (HR-ICP-MS)analysis. For each treatment, 4 slides were mineralized in 140 µl HNO 3 (65%, suprapur,Merck) and 360 µl MilliQ water in a glass crystallizer. This solution was diluted 20 timesbefore analysis in a solution containing 1 µg/l In, which was used as internal standard.26 Mg and 43 Ca were analysed on a Thermo Finnigan Element 2. The analyticalreproducibility (2s) was 0.43 and 1.54, and accuracy was 1.23% and 3.5% for 26 Mg and43 Ca respectively. A multi-element calibration standard was prepared from certified singleelement stock solution. The certified reference material SLRS-4 was run for qualitycheck. Mg and Ca concentrations in the samples were converted to mol% MgCO 3 .Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP AES) analysis. Sixaliquots of 0.25g of both spine and test skeletal powders were mineralized in a Milestone1200mega microwave oven in 2.5 ml HNO 3 and 1 ml H 2 O 2 . The resulting solutions werefiltered on a GF/A Whatman filter, brought to a final volume of 25 ml with Milli Q water(Millipore) and diluted 10 times in acidified water prior to analysis. Mg and Caconcentrations of the solutions were analysed with an Iris Advantage (Thermo Jarrel Ash)ICP-AES. The calibration was achieved using artificial multi-elemental solutions madefrom certified mono-elemental solutions (Merck) and certified reference material JCp-1(coral) (Standard Geological Survey of Japan) was used for quality check. Results for thecertified reference materials analysis were always within ± 10% of the certified values.Data analyses. All statistical analyses were carried out using the Systat 9 software.Significance level was fixed at 0.05. For each type of SOM (test and spine), the influenceof Mg/Ca solution and protein concentration was assessed using forward stepwise multipleregression. The effects of 0 and 10 µg/ml concentrations and protein nature (BSA andboth extracts) on the Mg/Ca of formed minerals were also compared using a 2-wayANOVA (protein nature or absence and Mg/Ca solution as independent variables) and Tukeypost hoc test.98
Chapitre VRESULTSMagnesium and amino acid analysis of spine and testMean magnesium concentrations (±S.D., n=6) in the spine and test were, respectively,3.43 ± 0.04 mol% MgCO 3 and 9.84 ± 0.05 mol% MgCO 3 .The amino acid composition of the soluble organic matrix (SOM) of spines and tests arepresented in Table 16. Test SOM showed a higher proportion of Asx and Gly while spineSOM was richer in Pro.Table 16: Amino acid composition (mol %) of test and spine soluble organic matrices used in invitro crystallisation experiments.Test SpinesAsx 16.5 12.9Thr 4.1 6.5Ser 5.4 5.1Glx 10.9 12Gly 31.9 18.1Ala 13.6 11Val 4.4 4.9Met 0.4 2.2Ile 1.9 3.4Leu 1.7 4.6Tyr 1.7 2Phe 5.5 4.3His 0.4 1.1Lys 0 1.1Arg 0.9 1.9Pro 0.7 9Magnesium concentrations in in vitro precipitated mineralsThe magnesium concentrations of in vitro precipitated minerals varied significantlyaccording to the Mg/Ca solution ratio (p Regression < 10 -4 , Figure 32, Table 17) and proteinconcentration (1, 5 and 10 µg/ml, p Regression < 10 -2 , Figure 33, Table 17). It is noteworthythat the mineral Mg/Ca ratio was maximum when concentrations of 5 µg/ml of proteinswere introduced. Whatever the sequence of introduction of the variables, the stepwisemultiple regressions indicated the predominant effect of the Mg/Ca solution ratio (explainingrespectively 85 and 86% of the variation) compared to the effect of protein concentration(Table 17).99
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UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES (ULB
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RemerciementsJ’aimerais tout d’
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Ce travail a été rendu possible p
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Dans la seconde partie, la modulati
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higher magnesium concentrations pre
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DEUXIÈME PARTIE: Processus minéra
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Introduction généraletransitoire
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Introduction généraleFigure 2 : C
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Introduction généralemajoritairem
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Introduction générale2.2.1 Facteu
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Introduction générale2.2.2 Facteu
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Introduction généraleFigure 6 : C
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Introduction générale2.2.2.4 Effe
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Introduction généralemacromolécu
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Introduction généralemagnésium e
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Introduction généraleFigure 8 : R
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Introduction générale3.1.2 Le mag
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Introduction généraled’une nich
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Introduction généraleFigure 11 :
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Introduction généralecroissance c
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PREMIÈRE PARTIEFACTEURS ENVIRONNEM
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Chapitre ICHAPITRE IGrowth rate and
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Chapitre I1998). Rosenheim et al (2
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Chapitre ITable 4: Dates of transfe
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Chapitre ILongitudinal sections of
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Chapitre ITable 5: Skeletal Mg/Ca a
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Chapitre Iimportance of the thermod
Page 61 and 62: Chapitre IICHAPITRE IITemperature,
Page 63 and 64: Chapitre IIeffects of climate chang
Page 65 and 66: Chapitre II29 mm in ambital diamete
Page 67 and 68: Chapitre IIFigure 18: Skeletal Mn/C
Page 69 and 70: Chapitre IIFigure 19: Mg/Ca ratio i
Page 71 and 72: Chapitre IIor a magnesium compartme
Page 73 and 74: Chapitre IIpositive temperature eff
Page 75 and 76: Chapitre IIICHAPITRE IIISalinity ef
Page 77 and 78: Chapitre IIIcontrolled aquarium con
Page 79 and 80: Chapitre IIIFurthermore, Mg/Ca rati
Page 81 and 82: Chapitre IIIbetween these different
Page 83 and 84: Chapitre III2.6Skeletal Sr/Ca (mmol
Page 85 and 86: Chapitre IIIalready proposed by Van
Page 87 and 88: Chapitre IIIIon transport in echino
Page 89: DEUXIÈME PARTIEPROCESSUS MINÉRALO
Page 92 and 93: Chapitre IVINTRODUCTIONBiogenic cal
Page 94 and 95: Chapitre IVAfter collection, the se
Page 96 and 97: Chapitre IVratioed against backgrou
Page 98 and 99: Chapitre IVTable 13: Sampling locat
Page 100 and 101: Chapitre IVTable 15: Probabilities
Page 102 and 103: Chapitre IVFigure 29: FTIR spectra
Page 104 and 105: Chapitre IVFigure 31: XANES spectra
Page 106 and 107: Chapitre IVwater molecules, which c
Page 108 and 109: Chapitre Vin vivo by ion transport
Page 110 and 111: Chapitre VSea urchins produce an in
Page 114 and 115: Chapitre V3535Mineral Mg concentrat
Page 116 and 117: Chapitre VMorphology of in vitro pr
Page 118 and 119: Chapitre VFigure 37: Scanning elect
Page 120 and 121: Chapitre VA quadratic modulation of
Page 122 and 123: Chapitre Vproject from the Belgian
Page 124 and 125: Discussion généraleDans cette dis
Page 126 and 127: Discussion généraleorganique prod
Page 128 and 129: Discussion généralede régulation
Page 130 and 131: Discussion généraleFigure 38 : Mo
Page 132 and 133: Discussion générale3. Perspective
Page 134 and 135: Discussion générale120
Page 136 and 137: Références bibliographiquesAmeye
Page 138 and 139: Références bibliographiquesCarré
Page 140 and 141: Références bibliographiquesDustan
Page 142 and 143: Références bibliographiquesHartma
Page 144 and 145: Références bibliographiquesKolesa
Page 146 and 147: Références bibliographiquesMagdan
Page 148 and 149: Références bibliographiquesQuamme
Page 150 and 151: Références bibliographiquesRosenh
Page 152 and 153: Références bibliographiquesThe Se
Page 154 and 155: Références bibliographiquesWillen
Page 156 and 157: Références bibliographiques142
Page 158 and 159: Annexestempérature salinité indiv
Page 160 and 161: AnnexesANNEXE 2Tableau 20: Rapports
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Annexes
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